Evaluation of the Next Generation of Clean Transportation Initiatives

Final Report

Evaluation and Advisory Services
Transport Canada
March 2015

Table of Contents

• Tables and Figures
• List of Acronyms
• Executive Summary
• Introduction
• About the Evaluation
• Evaluation Findings: Relevance
• Evaluation Findings: Performance
• Conclusions, Lessons Learned and Observations
• Annex A: Immediate outcomes

Tables and Figures

• Table 1: Expected Outcomes or Deliverables by Initiative
• Table 2: Clean Transportation Initiatives by Area Responsible for Delivery
• Table 3: Resources Allotted by Initiative
• Table 4: Contribution of the Transportation Sector to Air Pollutant Emissions, 1990-2012 (Kilotonnes)
• Table 5: Percentage of Allotted Money Spent by Initiative
• Figure 1: Historical and Projected Trends in GHGs Emissions in Canada (MT of CO₂e), 1999-2020
• Figure 2: Trends in GHGs Emissions from Transportation, 1990-2020 (Mt of CO₂e)
• Figure 3: Energy Consumption Trends in Canada, 2000-2035 (in Petajoules)

List of Acronyms

CAC

Criteria air contaminants

CAEP

Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection

CEESAR

Centre of Excellence in Economics, Statistics, Analysis and Research

CEPA

Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999

CO₂

Carbon dioxide

CO₂e

Carbon dioxide equivalent

CTI

Clean Transportation Initiatives (Next Generation)

DG

Director General

EC

Environment Canada

eTV II

ecoTECHNOLOGY for Vehicles II Program

GHG

Greenhouse Gas

HDVs

Heavy-duty vehicles

ICAO

International Civil Aviation Organization

IMO

International Maritime Organization

kt

Kilotonnes

LDV

Light-duty vehicle

LEIS

Locomotive Emissions Information System

LEM

Locomotive Emissions Monitoring Program

MEPC

Marine Environment Protection Committee

MOU

Memorandum of understanding

Mt

Megatonnes

MVSA

Motor Vehicle Safety Act, 1993

NA ECA

North American Emission Control Area

NO_x

Oxides of nitrogen

NRC

National Research Council

nvPM

Non-volatile particulate matter

PMV

Port Metro Vancouver

PWGSC

Public Works and Government Services Canada

LDVs

Light-duty Vehicles

R&D

Research and development

RAC

Railway Association of Canada

RCC

Canada-United States Regulatory Cooperation Council

RTK

Revenue tonne-kilometres

SDS

Sustainable Development Strategy

Sox

Oxides of sulphur

SPTP

Shore Power Technology for Ports

TC

Transport Canada

TRSP

Truck Reservation System Program

Executive Summary

The evaluation of the Next Generation of Clean Transportation Initiatives ( CTI ) was conducted to inform the renewal of clean transportation programming and to access on-going funding. The CTI consists of eight Transport Canada ( TC ) initiatives or programs, and one Environment Canada ( EC ) initiative, all designed to ultimately reduce greenhouse gas ( GHG ) and air pollutant emissions from the transportation sector.

The CTI was part of the Government of Canada’s renewal of the Clean Air Agenda, announced in Budget 2011. It is a five-year (2011-12 to 2015-16), $148 million suite of initiatives that deliver new or amended regulatory frameworks; new or updated compliance and oversight regimes; scientific and technology, and socio-economic or policy research, data development and modeling projects; funding for the implementation of new technologies at Canadian ports through contributions; voluntary initiatives with industry; and the provision of input into standards, codes, protocols, guidelines and related instruments.  

The CTI is overseen by the Environmental Policy Directorate of TC’s Policy Group at National Headquarters. Activities are delivered through 11 branches within TC and the Transportation Division of Environment Canada.

Evaluation Scope and Approach

The evaluation was conducted in the summer of 2014 and covers mostly the first three fiscal years of the CTI . As most of the outcomes from the regulatory changes were not expected to materialize until after 2015-16, the evaluation focused on the implementation of the initiatives, the achievement of short-term outcomes and the reporting of early and partial results. As per the Policy on Evaluation, the evaluation also examined program relevance and efficiency and economy.

The evaluation was based mostly on the review, compilation and analysis of administrative and performance information from the programs delivering the initiatives. Progress was compared against emission reduction targets; deliverables and timelines outlined in foundational documents; and the initiatives’ Performance Measurement Strategy.

Major Findings

The evaluation found that there is an ongoing need for the regulatory initiatives, including the research, and testing and evaluation activities supporting them. The relevance of these initiatives is rooted in the departments’ on-going need to develop and align their regulatory frameworks with international regulatory frameworks to which Canada has made commitments or has obligations to align; and to negotiate with international governing bodies to develop frameworks that meet Canadian needs. Activities such as research and testing and evaluation of technologies, and financial support for the implementation of technologies are well aligned with the objective of improving emissions intensity as a way to reduce overall emissions.

In the first three years, the regulatory initiatives and their supporting activities have been implemented with diligence. Although some of the anticipated regulatory changes to address emissions have experienced delays, evaluators found that progress is being made, appropriate to the stage of implementation. Delays encountered were mostly due to circumstances outside the control of the departments, such as delays in the pace of negotiations or discussions at the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ) or the International Maritime Organization ( IMO ). For similar reasons, the take-up for contribution funding was slower than expected and it is unlikely that the contribution programs will deliver all of their expected results within the five-year time frame.

Although it is too early to measure the extent to which regulatory initiatives are making progress in achieving their specific emission reduction targets, evaluation findings presented in this report suggest that the CTI has made progress in achieving short-term outcomes. Since 2013, vessels navigating in the North America Emissions Control Area ( NA ECA ) have to comply with new regulations requiring the use of cleaner fuel. Voluntary measures implemented by industry associations as part of Canada’s Action Plan to Reduce Greenhouse Gases from Aviation and the Memorandum of Understanding between Transport Canada and the Railway Association of Canada for Reducing Locomotive Emissions are achieving results in terms of improved fuel efficiency or emissions intensity. The Shore Power Technology for Ports Program has demonstrated results in reducing emissions at Port Metro Vancouver ( PMV ). Similarly, data obtained from managers of the Truck Reservation System Program provide early evidence that the TRSP is having an impact as well at the PMV , through reducing the amount of time trucks are idling.

Finally, the ecoTECHNOLOGY for Vehicles II Program ( eTV II ), research and development and other research activities have resulted in new knowledge in support of regulatory work and the development of international and Canadian standards, codes, protocols, guidelines and related instruments.

Partial and early results lead to the conclusion that the CTI is contributing or will contribute to the reduction of GHGs and air pollutant emissions from transportation. However, at the time of the evaluation, it was not possible to determine if all the initiatives that have emission reduction targets are likely to reach them.  

The overall oversight of the CTI was carried-out using good practices. After the first two years, an implementation review was conducted and it led to some recommendations and improvement in the management of the initiatives. Going forward, program managers might want to improve the on-going collection of data as per the Performance Measurement Strategy.

Conclusions

Evaluation findings support the renewal and continuation of the five regulatory initiatives, including the continuation of the activities and initiatives that support them; such as research and development ( R&D ), other types of research, and eTV II .

There is a continuing need for the Government of Canada to exercise leadership and provide financial support to the private sector in implementing other new emission reduction technologies. However, consideration should be given to expanding the reach of such programs, to maximize uptake and the impact of available funds.

TC and EC are making progress toward achieving short term results and there is evidence that progress is being made in terms of achieving medium term ones (improved emissions intensity and promoting the adoption of technologies and practices that improve emissions intensity by the transportation sector). In addition, there is evidence of TC having demonstrated efficiency (i.e. leveraging of resources) and economy (i.e. cost savings) in the utilization of resources.

Introduction

The evaluation of the CTI was conducted between June 2014 and September 2014 to inform the renewal and planning of new programming related to transportation within the Clean Air Agenda, and to access ongoing funding. Budget 2011 conditioned this access on a full evaluation by 2015. However, it was decided to renew these programs in 2014-15 and the evaluation had to be conducted earlier than planned. This evaluation will also contribute to meeting the requirement of Treasury Board’s Policy on Evaluation that all direct program spending be evaluated over a five-year cycle.

Background

As part of Budget 2011, the Government of Canada announced an investment of $148 million to develop regulations for the transportation sector through the Next Generation of Clean Transportation Initiatives. This funding was for the second phase of the Clean Transportation theme under the Government of Canada’s Clean Air Agenda, which was launched in 2007 to reduce emissions from the transportation sector.

Program Profile

The Next Generation of Clean Transportation Initiatives ( CTI ) consists of nine initiatives, eight of which are being delivered by TC and one of which is being delivered by  EC . These initiatives are as follows: 

• Aviation Sector Regulatory Initiative
• Marine Sector Regulatory Initiative, TC
• Marine Sector Regulatory Initiative, EC
• Rail Sector Regulatory Initiative
• Support for Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emission Regulations Initiative
• ecoTECHNOLOGY for Vehicles II Program
• Gateway Carbon Footprint Initiative
• Truck Reservation System Program
• Shore Power Technology for Ports Program

The CTI was designed to build-on or expand activities previously undertaken by the departments. While a previous suite of initiatives evaluated in 2010 focused on technology demonstration and behavioral change to reduce emissions, the new suite focuses on regulatory change across all modes of transportation and technological deployment to achieve the same objectives.

Objectives

The long term objective of the CTI is to reduce the emission of air pollutants and greenhouse gases from transportation. To reach this objective, the initiatives are delivering activities that should produce in the medium term, two main results:

• A transportation sector that is adopting technologies and practices that improve emissions intensity for air pollutants and greenhouse gases, with safety and efficiency benefits; and
• Funded projects that improve emissions intensity of air pollutants and greenhouse gases, with safety and efficiency benefits.

Activities

The five regulatory initiatives - for the aviation, marine ( TC and EC ), rail and on-road vehicles sectors - are expected to deliver new or amended regulatory frameworks; regulatory compliance and oversight; voluntary agreements with industry; and/or input into the development of standards, codes, protocols, guidelines and other related instruments, whether Canadian or international. They are also expected to deliver scientific and technology studies and results; and policy or socio-economic studies, and improved data and statistical models in support of the regulatory work (see Table 1).

Two initiatives (the Truck Reservation System Program and the Shore Power Technology for Ports Program) are expected to deliver funding to support the implementation of technologies and systems at Canadian ports.

One initiative, the Gateway Carbon Footprint Initiative, is a specific data development/modeling initiative to develop a carbon footprint calculator and measure the carbon footprint from transportation in three of Canada’s gateways and corridors.

eTV II is a testing and evaluation program for light-duty vehicles ( LDVs ) and heavy-duty vehicles ( HDVs ). It delivers testing and evaluation results on the safety and environmental performance of new and emerging technologies that manufacturers are implementing in new vehicles to meet increasingly stringent environmental and safety standards. These results, in turn, are used to inform regulatory development to ensure that new technologies achieve their anticipated environmental benefits and can be safety introduced in Canada. Results are also used to support the development of codes, standards, test protocols and guidance materials required by industry to adopt new clean technologies.

Expected results

In the short term, the CTI is expected to produce four immediate results:

• A transportation sector in which regulated segments comply with the regulations;
• A transportation sector in which targeted segments participate in non-regulatory emission reduction agreements;
• A transportation sector that is informed of targeted clean transportation technologies and practices; and
• Clean transportation projects that are completed as per the funding agreements.

Emission reduction targets were established for some initiatives, while for others, none were identified because they contribute only indirectly to emission reductions, e.g.  eTV II .

Table1: Expected Outcomes or Deliverables by Initiative

Expected Outputs or Deliverables by Initiative

	Environment and Safety Regulatory Frameworks	Regulatory Compliance and Oversight	Voluntary Agreements with Industry Associations	Input into Standards, Codes, Protocols, Guidelines and Related Instruments	Scientific, Technology, and Socio-Economic or Policy Research Projects and Results	Funding for Clean Transportation Projects
Aviation Sector Regulatory Initiative	yes•	yes•	yes•	yes•	yes•
Marine Sector Regulatory Initiative	yes•	yes•		yes•	yes•
Rail Sector Regulatory Initiative	yes•	yes•	yes•	yes•	yes•
Support for Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emission Regulations	yes•	yes•		yes•	yes•
ecoTECHNOLOGY for Vehicles II Program	yes•			yes•	yes•
Gateway Carbon Footprint Initiative					yes
Truck Reservation System Program					yes•	yes•
Shore Power Technology for Ports Program						yes•

Program Delivery and Resources

The CTI is overseen by the Environmental Policy Directorate^{Footnote 1} within the Policy Group. Its delivery involves 12 branches and two departments, with Environmental Policy being involved in all but three of the initiatives (see Table 2).

Table 2: Clean Transportation Initiatives by Area Responsible for Delivery

Initiative	Branch
Aviation Sector Regulatory Initiative	Standards Branch (Civil Aviation)
	Environmental Management Branch (Stewardship and Sustainable Transportation Programs)
	Economic Analysis - Centre of Excellence in Economics, Statistics, Analysis and Research ( CEESAR )
	Environmental Policy Analysis and Evaluation (Environmental Policy)
Marine Sector Regulatory Initiative	Navigation Safety and Environmental Programs (Marine Safety)
	Economic Analysis ( CEESAR )
	Transportation Development Centre ( CEESAR )
	Environmental Policy Analysis and Evaluation (Environmental Policy)
	Transportation Division (Environment Canada)
Rail Regulatory Initiative	Rail Safety Operations
	Environmental Policy Analysis and Evaluation (Environmental Policy)
	Economic Analysis ( CEESAR )
	Transportation Development Centre ( CEESAR )
	Environmental Management Branch (Stewardship and Sustainable Transportation Programs)
Support for Vehicle Green House Gas Emission Regulations	Motor Vehicle Standards, Research and Development
	Economic Analysis ( CEESAR )
	Environmental Policy Analysis and Evaluation (Environmental Policy)
ecoTECHNOLOGY for Vehicles II Program	Environmental and Transportation Programs Branch (Stewardship and Sustainable Transportation Programs)
Gateway Carbon Footprint Initiative	Environmental Policy Analysis and Evaluation (Environmental Policy)
Truck Reservation System Program	Innovation Policy
	Marine Policy
Shore Power Technology for Ports Program	Environmental and Transportation Programs Branch (Stewardship and Sustainable Transportation Programs)

The CTI was allocated $148. 0 million over five years (2011-12 to 2015-16), including $35.1 million for grants and contributions and $54.2 million for Other Operating Costs. The average annual number of FTEs allotted over the five-year time frame for the entire initiative is 10.4.

Table 3: Resources Allotted by Initiative

Initiative	Total $ 2011-12 to 2013-14*	Total $ 2011-12 to 2015-16*	FTEs over 5 years (Annual Average)
Aviation Sector Regulatory Initiative	8,175,578	12,878,555	10.5
Marine Sector Regulatory Initiative ( TC )	13,628,919	22,633,817	17.5
Rail Sector Regulatory Initiative	8,930,765	14,685,332	11.2
Support for Vehicle Green House Gas Emission Regulations	6,245,345	10,167,424	11.1
ecoTECHNOLOGY for Vehicles II Program	22,645,337	37,967,800	28.2
Gateway Carbon Footprint Initiative	985,821	1,493,254	1.9
Truck Reservation Systems Program	3,790,896	7,500,000	0.4
Shore Power Technology for Ports Program	12,057,612	30,000,004	4.1
Marine Sector Regulatory Initiative ( EC )	6,600,000	10,700,000	8.4
Total	83,060,273	148,026,186	10.4

* These financial data include Public Works and Government Services Canada ( PWGSC ) amounts.

Governance

The CTI is governed by a Director General ( DG ) level Clean Transportation Steering Committee (headed by DG , Environmental Policy) and a Director-level Clean Transportation Coordinating Committee. These committees cover both financial and non-financial monitoring and provide leadership on the management of the initiatives’ budgets and future direction. The DG -level committee has met eleven times since 2012 and the Director-level committee has met eight times since its creation in 2014.

There are three Technical Working Groups: Clean Aviation, Marine and Rail. The Clean Aviation Technical Working Group reviews project proposals and approves funding amounts for the research work done under the Aviation Sector Regulatory Initiative. The Marine and Rail Working Groups support the mandate of the TC Director-level Research, Development, and Technology Deployment Committee and provide advice and technical expertise on the marine and rail projects identified in the work plan.  

There are also separate oversight mechanisms in place for the Shore Power Technology for Ports Program and the Truck Reservation System Program, in accordance with TC governance of transfer payment programs. The eTV II Program has two technical working groups (light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles), in addition to a Director General Interdepartmental Steering Committee – all of which provide technical and program governance.

A Mid-Program Assessment covering the first two fiscal years of the CTI was completed in the winter of 2013. Its main objective was to review the implementation status of the initiatives and determine whether course corrections were required and, if so, what those should be. Information on outputs and spending was collected and reported against the Sustainable Development Strategy commitments and the output indicators of the Performance Measurement Strategy. The intent of this type of dual reporting was to ensure that all relevant performance information was captured, although this resulted in some overlap and repetition of reported results. The assessment did not include EC’s  Marine Sector Regulatory Initiative.

Some recommendations for improvement were made, including the need for support in the area of contracting and financial coding, the need to extend funding for the Shore Power Technology for Ports Program to other port technologies, the need to undertake a broader call for proposals for the Truck Reservation System Program and the need to facilitate multi-year funding for research and testing with the National Research Council ( NRC ).  

About the Evaluation

The evaluation of the CTI was conducted between June 2014 and September 2014 to inform the renewal and planning of new programming related to transportation within the Clean Air Agenda; and to access ongoing funding. It is expected that this evaluation will also contribute to meeting the requirement of Treasury Board’s Policy on Evaluation that all direct program spending be evaluated over a five-year cycle.

Evaluation Scope and Methodology

Considering that this evaluation was undertaken early in the life cycle of the CTI , when not all of the regulations had yet been implemented, evaluators focused data gathering and analysis on the following performance issues:

• The extent to which the initiatives have been implemented as planned.
• Progress toward achieving immediate results: engaging industry associations in participating in non-regulatory emission reduction agreements; informing the transportation sector (and governing bodies) of clean transportation technologies and practices; and having transportation projects completed as per the funding agreements.
• Progress toward achieving emission reduction targets.

Since the only changes made to regulatory frameworks over the first three years of the initiative were recent, with less than a year’s worth of data available for analysis, evaluators did not assess the extent to which regulated segments of the transportation sector comply with the new or amended regulations. In addition, as per the Policy on Evaluation, the evaluation examined program relevance and, to the extent possible, whether efficiency and economy could be demonstrated in the utilization of resources.

Results were assessed by comparing progress achieved in relation to the following: 1) the emission reduction targets outlined in foundational or other documents, 2) the deliverables and time lines to which TC committed, and 3) the indicators listed in the CTI’s Performance Measurement Strategy. The evaluation included the lines of inquiry outlined below:

A document review examined strategic and foundational program documents; program reports, survey results and special studies; regulatory impact analysis statements, triage, consultation reports and cost-benefit analyses produced for the regulatory initiatives.

An analysis of performance and administrative data included primary and secondary data, such as trend data on greenhouse gas ( GHG ) emissions from EC’s  national inventory, data from annual reports related to Canada’s Action Plan to Reduce Green House Gas Emissions from Aviation and the Locomotive Emissions Monitoring Program and available data for other indicators outlined in the Performance Measurement Strategy provided by program managers. It also included financial data relevant to the initiatives, other administrative data, planning documents, and any data fact books, inventories or compilations helpful to understanding the relevance and performance of the initiatives and whether the Performance Measurement Strategy had been implemented.

A project file review was conducted to examine expected and actual results achieved by the two contributions programs.

A literature review looked at research literature dealing with issues, trends, policies and best practices related to transportation and air quality or GHGs emission reduction.

Interviews with some 20 directors, program managers and analysts at TC and EC were conducted to gain a better understanding of the relevance of the initiatives, the departments’ performance, and to validate evaluation findings and their interpretation.

Evaluation Considerations

A number of considerations and limitations influenced the conduct of the evaluation.

The programs developed a comprehensive and detailed Performance Measurement Strategy, which included the collection of information on a number of indicators, making the Strategy information-heavy. At the same time, the Performance Measurement Strategy had not been fully implemented (e.g. taking an annual stock of some of the indicators laid out in the Strategy, as required by the Strategy). Evaluators were able to obtain most of the required information, often requiring great effort from evaluators and program staff.

Financial data for the initiatives are available only by initiative and branch. Most of the initiatives contain multiple components (e.g. changes to regulatory frameworks, voluntary agreements with industry, international participation in the development of regulatory frameworks and research). A more detailed coding of the financial data for the initiatives would have been beneficial to understanding how much money was allocated and spent on major components of the initiatives. It would also have helped better align the financial information with the Performance Measurement Strategy and would have allowed for a comparative understanding of the value for money spent.

Also, emission reduction targets were identified for five of the nine initiatives (the aviation, marine, and rail regulatory initiatives and the two contribution programs). For most of these initiatives, concrete data will not be available until completion of the initiatives, and in many cases, the target date for the reductions is 2020. The amended Vessel Pollution and Dangerous Chemicals Regulations is a case at point. While baseline data are available to measure the amended regulations’ impact, it will not be possible to measure their early impact until much later because Marine Safety will not be conducting its vessel pollution release inventory until after 2016, once the most stringent standards have been in place for a period of time. Even then, the date for achieving the full emission reduction target is 2020. In such cases, evaluators focused on providing any evidence of immediate impact on emissions as opposed to whether emission reduction targets will be met.

The remaining initiatives and large components of the marine, rail and aviation sector regulatory initiatives do not have emission reduction targets as they contribute only indirectly to emission reductions, through activities such as research, input to codes, etc. (see Table 1 on Page 6). Results for these initiatives and components, which account for approximately 60 percent of the funding allocated to the overall initiative, were assessed using the indicators in the Performance Measurement Strategy. Because these initiatives and components generate emissions reductions only indirectly, and because of an absence of data on the ultimate amount of emission reductions that will be achieved, due in part to the timing of the evaluation, evaluators were not able to assess program effectiveness. For these same reasons, evaluators focused on economy, in particular, whether resources were utilized prudently; and in the case of efficiency, used any data which could be found relating to operational efficiency rather than allocative efficiency.

Evaluation Findings: Relevance

To assess the continuing relevance of the CTI , the evaluation examined whether the initiatives were in line with the roles and responsibilities of the federal government, the priorities of the federal government and departmental strategic objectives. The assessment also involved a consideration of whether there is an ongoing need and policy rationale for the initiatives.

Federal Roles and Responsibilities

The Government of Canada’s constitutional roles and responsibilities to regulate emissions from transportation and regulate on other matters such as transportation safety and the competitiveness of the transportation system stem indirectly from constitutional provisions regarding commerce and trade, and navigation and shipping.

TC’s legislative framework defines its roles and responsibilities regarding emission regulation, their enforcement and the implementation of supportive activities. For the marine mode, TC has the authority to regulate under the Canada Shipping Act, 2001 (the Vessel Pollution and Dangerous Chemicals Regulations). Under the Railway SafetyAct (the proposed Locomotive Emissions Regulations), it has the authority to regulate rail transportation. It regulates the aviation industry under the Aeronautics Act (the Canadian Aviation Regulations). TC can also affect emissions in Canada’s northern waters through the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act.

The Canada Transportation Act, 1996 makes the efficiency and competitiveness of the transportation system a federal responsibility as well, for the air, marine and rail modes in particular.

EC’s authority to regulate emissions from motor vehicles, and more generally to regulate air quality, stems from the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 ( CEPA ).

Alignment with Government Priorities and Departmental Strategic Outcomes

The CTI is clearly aligned with the Government of Canada’s priorities and policy objectives. Budget 2011 espoused the Government’s commitment to the Copenhagen Accord and a balanced approach to emissions reduction. In Budget 2013, the Government of Canada again affirmed its Copenhagen commitment to reduce Canada’s total GHGs emissions by 17 percent from 2005 levels by 2020 and highlighted its sector-by-sector approach, of which the CTI is a part. In Budget 2012, 2013 and 2014, the Government of Canada announced various measures it had taken to promote investment in new technologies to reduce GHGs emissions, including technologies applicable to the transportation sector.

The initiatives are aligned with TC’s strategic outcome of a “Clean Transportation System,” but also contribute to the achievement of a “Safe Transportation System” and an “Efficient Transportation System. ” EC’s initiatives are aligned with the strategic outcome of “Threats to Canadians and their environment from pollution are minimized. ”

Continuing Need

Regarding GHGs : In 2010, Canada made commitments under the Cancun Agreements, which repeated the target agreed to under the Copenhagen Accord in 2009, to reduce total GHGs emissions to 17 percent below 2005 levels by 2020. The transportation sector is a major emitter of GHGs . In 2005, transportation was the largest source of such emissions in Canada (26 percent). This was still the case in 2011, with transportation accounting for 25 percent of GHGs emissions.

Figure 1: Historical and Projected Trends in GHGs Emissions in Canada (MT of CO₂e)^{Footnote 2}, 1999-2020

 

Source: Canada’s Emissions Trends, 2013, Environment Canada.

Figure 1: Historical and Projected Trends in GHGs Emissions in Canada (MT of CO₂e), 1999-2020

Figure 1 shows the historical trend in GHGs (megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents) starting in 1990 and projected out to 2020. GHG has steadily increased from 1990 (when it was less than 600 Mts) by almost 50 Mts per 5 year period (peaking at almost 750 Mts around 2005). Without implementing government measures, it is predicted that GHG levels will continue to rise, reaching 862 Mts by 2020. With current government measures, in place as of May 2013, it is predicted that GHG levels will instead reach approximately 734 Mts by 2020 (a reduction of 128 Mts when compared to expected levels, if government measures were not taken), resulting in a deficit of 122 Mts if Canada is to meet its Copenhagen commitments at 612 Mts.

With provincial and federal measures in place as of May 2013, emissions are projected to be 734 megatonnes ( Mt ) by 2020, or 122 Mt^{Footnote 3} higher than Canada’s target of 612 Mt, established through the Cancun/Copenhagen commitments (see Figure 1). ^{Footnote 4} However, as EC’s Canada’s Emissions Trends, 2013, notes, “significant progress” has been achieved and emissions would have risen to 862 Mt if no action had been taken by consumers, businesses and governments since 2005.

Both the oil and gas industry (mostly export) and the transportation sector were major contributors to the increase in GHGs emissions between 1990 and 2011. The increase in the amount of emissions can be attributed to growth in oil sands production and the increase in road freight movement, as well as a large increase in the number of motor vehicles, especially light-duty gasoline trucks (vans, Sport Utility Vehicles and pickups) and heavy-duty diesel vehicles (commercial transport trucks) on the road. Between 1990 and 2011, total transportation-related emissions grew by 33 percent, with heavy-duty vehicle emissions growing by 84 percent, followed by light-duty vehicles at 26 percent, marine transportation at 21 percent and other^{Footnote 5} at 6 percent. Domestic aviation decreased by 15 percent and rail emissions fell by 1 percent over this same period. ^{Footnote 6}

GHG emissions from transportation are projected to increase between 2011 and 2020 (see Figure 2), due largely to expected increases in emissions from freight transportation, which is in turn due to expected increases in economic activity (e.g. number of freight kilometres travelled) and population growth.

Figure 2: Trends in GHGs Emissions from Transportation, 1990-2020 (Mt of CO₂e)

Source: Canada’s Emissions Trends, 2013, Environment Canada.

Figure 2: Trends in GHGs Emissions from Transportation, 1990-2020 (Mt of CO₂e)

Figure 2 shows the trend in GHG emissions (megatonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents) from transportation starting in 1990 and projected to 2020. GHG levels rose from 128 Mts in 1990 to 167 Mts in 2005 (where it plateaus until 2010). GHG emissions have begun to rise once again. Levels have reached 170 Mts in 2011 and are expected to continue rising slowly, reaching 176 Mts by year 2020.

Between 2011 and 2020, freight-related GHGs emissions from the marine mode are expected to increase by 29 percent, from aviation by 22 percent, from road by 13 percent and from rail by 13 percent.

Although overall GHGs emissions are expected to grow in the freight sector, they are expected to decrease relative to business-as-usual levels as a result of various federal, provincial and territorial initiatives. For example, the heavy-duty vehicle regulations announced in 2013 are expected to improve the average fuel efficiency of trucks from 2.5 litres/100 tonne-km to 2.1 litres/100 tonne-km by 2020. Also, over the same time period, total emissions from light-duty vehicles ( LDVs ) are forecast to decline by 7 percent, mainly as a result of the implementation of the Passenger Automobile and Light Truck Greenhouse Gas Emissions Regulations for model years 2011 to 2016, and the Renewable Fuels Regulations. ^{Footnote 7} This will help counterbalance some of the growth in emissions from transportation.

The consumption of fossil fuels by the transportation sector is expected to increase into the foreseeable future (see Figure 3), although the consumption of gasoline will flatten, reflecting the trend in GHGs emissions from LDVs .

Figure 3: Energy Consumption Trends in Canada, 2000-2035 (in Petajoules)

 

Figure 3: Energy Consumption Trends in Canada, 2000-2035 (in Petajoules)

Figure 3 shows trends for five fuel types (all carbon-based fuels, minus cleaner CB fuels, motor gasoline, diesel, and aviation fuel) starting in 2000 and projected into 2035. Generally, consumption of almost all fuel types is expected to increase. All carbon-based fuels and minus cleaner CB fuels have the highest consumption rates. Both fuels are expected to increase from almost 2,250 petajoules in 2000 to approximately 3,500 and 3,000 petajoules in 2035, respectively. Diesel is expected to increase from almost 750 to 1,250 petajoules while aviation fuel, with the lowest consumption rate, increases only slightly (averaging around 250 petajoules). Motor gasoline is the sole exception to the increasing trend. Levels rose from approximately 1,250 petajoules in 2000 to peak around 1,500 in 2010. However, motor gasoline is predicted to decline to levels rivaling its original consumption rate in 2000 by 2035 because of the introduction of new energy efficient standards in on-road vehicles.

While various measures put in place by all levels of government have slowed the increase in the amount of GHGs in the atmosphere (and emitted from the transportation sector) relative to what the amount would have otherwise been, the amount of GHGs continues to increase. This means that there is a GHGs reduction deficit, and that the challenge of reducing the absolute level of GHGs emissions in general, and from transportation in particular, is a long-term one.

Regarding Air Pollutants: The Government of Canada made commitments to reduce air pollutants from transportation in its 2007 Regulatory Framework for Air Emissions and to collaborate with international partners and governing bodies to which Canada is a signatory (e.g.  IMO and ICAO ) to develop regulations to reduce pollutants from transportation.

Table 4: Contribution of the Transportation Sector to Air Pollutant Emissions, 1990-2012 (Kilotonnes)

Pollutant and Transportation Mode	1990	1995	2000	2005	2010	2012	Average Annual % Growth Rate (1990-2012)
Carbon Monoxide ( CO ), of which	14,176	12,826	11,248	9,662	8,704	8,163	-2.5
Total Transportation-Related Emissions	11,742	10,274	8,868	7,097	6,515	6,023	-3. 0
Light-Duty Vehicles	8,726	7,506	6,169	4,197	3,518	3,104	-4. 6
Heavy-Duty Vehicles	824	367	238	192	120	95	-9. 3
Aviation, Marine & Rail Transportation	106	94	92	86	93	95	-0.5
Off-Road Equipment, Tire Wear & Brake Lining	2,086	2,307	2,370	2,622	2,784	2,728	1.2
Nitrous Oxide (NOx), of which	2,534	2,525	2,598	2,398	2,056	1,850	-1.4
Total Transportation-Related Emissions	1,556	1,486	1,381	1,263	1,138	994	-2. 0
Light-Duty Vehicles	552	425	329	226	175	146	-5.9
Heavy-Duty Vehicles	317	349	339	303	208	162	-3. 0
Aviation, Marine & Rail Transportation	301	282	271	294	297	300	0. 0
Off-Road Equipment, Tire Wear & Brake Lining	387	430	442	439	458	386	0. 0
Volatile Organic Compounds ( VOC ), of which	2,403	2,339	2,255	2,027	1,764	1,755	-1.4
Total Transportation-Related Emissions	985	860	745	592	491	440	-3. 6
Light-Duty Vehicles	616	496	398	255	192	154	-6.1
Heavy-Duty Vehicles	59	31	22	19	15	13	-6. 6
Aviation, Marine & Rail Transportation	15	14	15	17	19	20	1.1
Off-Road Equipment, Tire Wear & Brake Lining	294	318	310	301	266	253	-0. 7
Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5), of which	466	416	381	346	252	269	-2.5
Total Transportation-Related Emissions	94	88	75	68	61	56	-2. 3
Light-Duty Vehicles	4	4	3	2	1	1	-5. 6
Heavy-Duty Vehicles	18	15	9	7	4	3	-7. 7
Aviation, Marine & Rail Transportation	14	12	11	14	15	15	0.2
Off-Road Equipment, Tire Wear & Brake Lining	57	57	52	45	41	36	-2.1
Sulphur Oxide ( SOx ), of which	3,097	2,565	2,361	2,185	1,358	1,265	-4. 0
Total Transportation-Related Emissions	182	150	122	110	95	97	-2. 8
Light-Duty Vehicles	13	16	15	2	1	1	-9. 3
Heavy-Duty Vehicles	22	15	6	6	1	1	-14. 3
Aviation, Marine & Rail Transportation	123	99	87	86	92	94	-1.2
Off-Road Equipment, Tire Wear & Brake Lining	24	21	15	17	0	0	-17. 3

Source: Environment Canada, National Pollutant Release Inventory.

The transportation sector is also a major emitter of pollutants. Excluding emissions from open and natural sources, the transportation sector accounted for 75 percent of total carbon monoxide ( CO ) emissions, 54 percent of nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions, 27 percent of volatile organic compounds emissions, 24 percent of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions and 7 percent of sulphur oxide (SO_x) emissions in 2011 (see Table 4). It also accounts for 25 percent of lead emissions.

Given the transportation sector’s significant share of pollutant and GHGs emissions; the projected growth in GHGs emissions and the use of fossil fuels; the projected 122 Mt shortfall in meeting Copenhagen/Cancun commitments; and Canada’s international regulatory obligations and commitments, there is clearly a need for ongoing initiatives that reduce emissions from the transportation sector, especially for HDVs and the marine, rail and aviation modes.

A review of the suite of initiatives under the CTI resulted in the finding that the CTI is in-line with the balanced approach put forward by the Government of Canada. The Government’s approach is to encourage strong economic growth and job creation while achieving environmental objectives. The Government of Canada is following a sector-by-sector approach to regulatory development, which will lower emissions where it makes sense to do so, and will seek out the lowest-cost solutions first before proceeding to implement more costly measures.

The overall objective of the CTI is to decrease emissions intensity through the adoption of new practices and technologies in the transportation sector. This is expected to result in a reduction in the growth of emissions due to the growth of the population and economy, and in turn, the increased use of the transportation system. Eventually, the growth in absolute emission levels is expected to decrease.

The initiatives are using three major vehicles to contribute to this objective: regulatory changes, voluntary measures by industry and financial support for the implementation of new and more efficient technologies.

Changes to regulatory frameworks

The changes to regulatory frameworksbeing made through the initiatives align with Canada’s international obligations and commitments regarding the reduction of emissions and the Government of Canada’s 2007 Regulatory Framework for Air Emissions. These obligations and commitments require collaboration with the International Maritime Organization ( IMO ), the International Civil Aviation Organization ( ICAO ), the Canada-United States Regulatory Cooperation Council ( RCC ) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, among others, in pursuing regulatory change. The purpose of this collaboration, however, is not simply alignment, but also to ensure that Canadian needs and interests are taken into account.

Voluntary measures complement the implementation of new regulations

Agreements with industry associations representing the aviation and the rail sectors promote voluntary measures to improve fuel efficiency, and in the case of the rail sector, to reduce criteria air contaminant ( CAC ) emissions. ^{Footnote 8}

The rail memorandum of understanding (MOU) serves as a bridge to the proposed Locomotive Emission Regulations, which will introduce new emission standards for CACs and which will align with those in the U.S. There will still be a need for a rail MOU even after the proposed Regulations are in place because the regulations would only apply to federally regulated railways and would also not cover GHGs . In addition, Canada and the US are presently working on a Canada- U.S. Voluntary Action Plan to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Locomotives through the  RCC .

The aviation action plan (Canada’s Action Plan to Reduce Greenhouse Gases from Aviation) is an ICAO -recommended voluntary initiative for member states to contribute to ICAO’s global GHGs reduction goals. It sets an aspirational goal for Canada to improve aviation fuel efficiency by an annual average of 2 percent per year by 2020, from the 2005 baseline, and it supports ICAO’s long-term goal of global carbon neutral growth from 2020 onwards and absolute GHGs emission reductions by 2050.

The implementation of new technologies

The reduction of GHGs and pollutant emissions from transportation is dependent on technological advancements in transportation and the implementation of those technologies. TC has been exercising leadership in facilitating the implementation of new technologies at Canadian ports through contribution funds. The rationale for a federal monetary incentive to install shore power at Canadian ports through the Shore Power Technology for Ports ( SPTP ) Program is the high capital cost of the installations and industry’s lack of experience with the technologies. In the case of the Truck Reservation System Program (TRSP), federal leadership was needed to ensure compatibility in the types of systems being installed in and across Canadian ports. Further, similar government-funded programs are available in the U.S. at the federal or state levels and the two contribution programs have the potential to produce immediate results in terms of emissions reductions.

{ ATIP Removed }

Scientific, technological and research support

The testing and evaluation of new and emerging technologies; R&D ; and policy and socio-economic research, data development and modeling; are activities that are important to ensuring the advancement of the regulatory process and/or the development of non-regulatory environmental and performance codes, standards and test protocols, into the foreseeable future. These advancements are in turn important to the introduction of new clean technologies that are safe and effective.

These activities are also important to the alignment of national, continental and international standards while minimizing the impact on industry’s productivity or competitiveness. These types of activities are generally not carried out by the private sector. Industry testing and R&D are not undertaken to support regulatory work, but rather to support product development and to demonstrate that their products conform to existing regulations.

Nonetheless, TC has played a leadership role in acquiring private sector investment to undertake evaluation and testing, and R&D that meets its regulatory needs. Furthermore, TC’s legislative mandate specifically requires the use of R&D: the Aeronautics Act (4.2 d); the Railway Safety Act (14 (1)a); the Motor Vehicle Safety Act (20.1a) & b)); and the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Act (25.(a)). Other Acts imply the need for TC to use R&D, such as the Canada Shipping Act, 2001, the Arctic Waters Pollution Prevention Act and the Canada Transportation Act. In addition, participation in international organizations such as the IMO and the ICAO often requires carrying out R&D activities.

Evaluation Findings: Performance

The performance of the CTI was assessed by examining the extent to which the initiatives were being delivered as planned, as outlined in foundational documents. Results achieved by the regulatory initiatives and the contribution programs, which committed to deliver emission reductions, were measured against emission reduction targets. Results were also measured in relation to the performance indicators outlined in the Performance Measurement Strategy for the overall initiative.

Implementation

To assess how effectively the initiatives were being implemented, the evaluation first compared planned and actual expenditures and then assessed the extent to which the deliverables were being generated as planned.

Planned versus actual expenditures

Over the first three fiscal years of the CTI , TC was allotted $76.1 million and spent $55. 6 million or 73 percent (see Table 5). Excluding the two contribution programs and the Gateway Carbon Footprint Initiative, TC spent 84 percent of the monies allotted.

On the one hand, the timing of the approval of the authorities to deliver the initiatives (September 2011) resulted in a “short” 2011-2012 fiscal year and made it difficult to solicit and finalize contracts, especially for the research elements of the initiatives. As a result, portions of the monies allotted in the first year were re-profiled into the 2012-2013 fiscal year, and not always totally spent then, either. On the other hand, many more dollars than reported in Table 3 had been committed by 2013-14 for these initiatives (but not included in the financial data), given that many of the projects carried out under them are multi-year (e.g.  R&D ). Regarding the latter, a majority of the R&D monies allotted for the aviation, rail, marine and support for vehicle greenhouse gas emission regulations initiatives for the five years had already been spent or committed, and in the case of the latter three initiatives, over two-thirds of the allotted funds had been spent.

The lower “percentage spent” for the Rail Sector Regulatory Initiative is explainable by the delays in the proposed Locomotive Emission Regulations, which have also held-up capital expenditures for the Locomotive Emissions Information System ( LEIS ). In addition, TC decided to pursue a voluntary approach to GHGs reduction in the rail sector with the U.S. , rather than a regulatory one, as was initially planned.

As for Environment Canada’s Marine Sector Regulatory Initiative, the lower “percentage spent” can be attributed to monies not spent in the first year of the initiative due to the Department being under Governor General Warrants for more than half of that year and funds not spent in year two and three due to constraints on hiring and spending under Budget 2012.

Table 5: Percentage of Allotted Money Spent by Initiative

Initiative	Total $ Allocated (2011-12 to 2013-14)*	Total $ Spent (2011-12 to 2013-14)*	% Spent
Aviation Sector Regulatory Initiative	8,053,431	6,768,218	84%
Marine Sector Regulatory Initiative (TC)	13,098,387	11,943,458	91%
Rail Sector Regulatory Initiative	8,784,330**	5,874,286	67%
Support for Vehicle GHGs Emission Regulations	6,122,033	5,682,762	93%
ecoTECHNOLOGY for Vehicles II Program	21,904,746	18,193,853	83%
Total	58,642,946	48,462,577	84%
Gateway Carbon Footprint Initiative	971,620	414,814	43%
Truck Reservation Systems Program	3,790,248***	898,330	24%
Shore Power Technology for Ports Program	11,999,954	5,872,741	49%
Total	76,129,750	55,648,462	73%
Marine Sector Regulatory Initiative (EC)	6,482,894	3,659,059	56%
Grand Total	82,612,662	59,307,521	72%
*To make the data comparable, these numbers exclude PWGSC amounts for fiscal year 2013-2014 from both allocated and spent figures because the evaluators were not provided with PWGSC amounts for this year for the amount spent. **Subtracted from the 2013-14 amount, $650,000 of capital that was re-profiled from 2012-13, to avoid it being double-counted. ***Subtracted from the 2013-14 data, $725,000 of Grants and Contribution money that was re-profiled from 2012-13, to avoid it being double-counted.

The low “percentage spent” on the Gateway Carbon Footprint Initiative (43 percent) is due largely to using in-house resources to complete various phases of the project rather than using contractors, as was initially planned.

TC has spent approximately half of the $12 million allotted for the first three years of the Shore Power Technology for Ports (SPTP) Program. However, the SPTP Program has managed to secure additional interest and approvals in the fourth fiscal year of the program such that under the best case scenario (as of November 2014), about $23.4 million of the 27.2 million available contribution monies for the five-year period will be spent by the end of the program.

A major reason for the slower than anticipated take-up of funds is delays in the implementation of two Quebec projects due to the provincial election; the April 2014 election has caused delays in getting the financial participation of the Ministère des Transports du Québec and Hydro-Quebec to complete the projects’ financial plans. An additional contributing factor is the complexity of the projects – installations have to be custom made, preliminary environmental reviews are conducted for each project, engineering reports are required and recipients often have to pull together large sums of money.

TC has used approximately 24 percent of the $3.8 million allotted for the first three years of the TRSP . The timing of the approval of the Program’s terms and conditions in the 2011-2012 fiscal year made it difficult to solicit and finalize contracts in the first fiscal year. Also a number of adjustments were made within the TRSP due to delays in negotiating agreements with recipients and/or completing the contracting process with partners. Such delays caused two signed projects to be moved to 2014-15. There have also been delays in completing projects (e.g. the Common Data Interface and Pre-Gate Concept of Operations project). However, by October 2014, the TRSP had committed 86% of the funds allotted for the five years of the Program.

Implementation of New or Amended Regulatory Frameworks

Under the Aviation Sector Regulatory Initiative, TC planned to deliver new or amended emission regulatory frameworks for the Canadian aviation sector, including new oxides of nitrogen emission standards for new aircraft engines that were expected to reduce these emissions by 15 percent, starting in 2013. TC proceeded to incorporate by reference, the ICAO oxides of nitrogen standards, into the Canadian Aviation Regulations. At the time of the evaluation, TC’s work had been completed and any further steps toward implementation were outside of TC’s control. No other work on standards, codes or guidelines was concluded by ICAO over the time frame of the initiative that would require a regulatory response in Canada.

TC has provided substantial input on behalf of the work being carried out at the ICAO . The metric system and draft certification requirement for carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions were approved by ICAO in 2013-14. As a result, work has been initiated at ICAO to set the regulatory limit and applicability. The final CO₂ standard for airplanes is expected for 2016. Also, a draft Aerospace Recommended Practice ( ARP ) is being developed by the SAE International’s Aviation Engine Emissions Measurement Committee SAE-31, a major step in the development of the certification requirement for ICAO’s non-volatile particulate matter ( nvPM ) mass and number standard for aircraft engines. The draft ARP is expected to be finalized by early 2015. The new nvPM standard is expected for 2016.

As part of the Marine Sector Regulatory Initiatives, TC was expected to implement new air pollutant emission regulations under the Canada Shipping Act, 2001 to reduce sulphur oxide emissions by up to 94 percent and nitrogen oxide emissions by up to 80 percent by 2020. Building on the outcomes of negotiations at the IMO, TC proceeded to amend the Vessel Pollution and Dangerous Chemicals Regulations. They were published under the Canada Shipping Act, 2001 on May 8, 2013. The Regulations implement the following:

• Standards of the North American Emission Control Area ( NA ECA ) for sulphur and nitrogen oxides;
• Updated global fuel quality standards to limit the emission of oxides of sulphur from ships operating in waters outside of the NA ECA ;
• Fuel quality standards to limit the emission of oxides of sulphur from ships operating in the Great Lakes and St Lawrence waters (fleet averaging for domestic vessels until 2020, at which point the NA ECA standard will apply);
• Updated standards for oxides of nitrogen emissions from ships (applies to some existing ships and all newly built ships);
• Updated standards to control emissions of volatile organic compounds (cargo vapours);
• Updated standards to control ozone depleting substances;
• Aligning emissions requirements for medium-sized marine engines with the U.S. standards – known as Category 2 engines;
• Applying the energy efficiency design index to newly built ships on international voyages; and
• Requiring all large commercial ships to maintain an energy efficiency management plan.

Although the Regulations were implemented nine months later than planned, TC implemented interim measures to bridge the gap between the date the Regulations were supposed to be in place and the date they were actually put in place. The delay was due to the need for additional consultations with the domestic industry, who would be operating 100 percent of the time inside the ECA , while most international vessels ‎would be operating inside it for less than 10 percent of their time (depending on the route). As well, there was a need to give extensive additional consideration to the impacts the amended Regulations would have had on the cruise sector, for which governments had committed considerable investments. This was subsequently addressed with alternative compliance options, developed in consultation with the cruise sector and US agencies.

EC published the Regulations Amending the Sulphur in Diesel Fuel Regulations under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 ( CEPA ) on July 4, 2012, only one month later than planned. The regulations limit the sulphur content in the production, import and sale of diesel fuel for use in large ships to 1,000 ppm, aligning standards with the U.S. ’s Clean Air Act. The standards complement the Vessel Pollution and Dangerous Chemicals Regulations and also enable the implementation of the NA ECA by ensuring that fuel suppliers can provide low-sulphur fuel to marine vessels. EC continues to monitor the quality of marine fuel.

EC has also drafted instructions for a regulation to align emission standards for small marine diesel engines with those of the United States. { ATIP Removed } EC is updating the emissions inventory it created for the small diesel sector with more recent importation data.

Also, TC developed an informal reciprocity agreement with the United States on the regulation of air pollutant emissions in the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Region.

{ ATIP Removed }

Through the RCC Locomotives Emissions Initiative, TC has also commissioned the NRC , in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, to produce the now-completed technology and infrastructure scan, “Reducing Emissions in the Rail Sector: Technology and Infrastructure Scan and Analysis. ” The purpose of the scan was to identify opportunities to reduce GHGs from the rail sector. This scan formed the basis of discussion at the 2012 Railroad Workshop: Working Together to Reduce Locomotive Emissions, which was held in Urbana, Illinois, in October 2012 and was co-hosted with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

The Support for Vehicle Green House Gas Emission Regulations Initiative committed to deliver new regulations expected to reduce heavy-duty vehicle ( HDV ) GHGs emissions by approximately two megatonnes ( Mt ) per year by 2020. EC implemented the Heavy-duty Vehicle and Engine Greenhouse Gas Emission Regulations in February of 2013 for model years 2014-2018, under the CEPA . These regulations align with standards in the U.S. A Notice of Intent was published on October 4, 2014 in the Canada Gazette, Part I, indicating the Government of Canada’s intent to develop proposed regulations to further reduce GHGs emissions from on-road heavy-duty vehicles and engines for post-2018 model years. These proposed regulations would build on the current regulations.

EC implemented the Passenger Automobile and Light Truck Greenhouse Gas Emission Regulations in the fall of 2010 for model years 2011-2016. EC has made amendments to these Regulations for model years 2017-2025, extending the regulatory approach that sets emission standards for light-duty vehicles (LDVs) for model years 2011-2016. The final Regulations for model years 2017-2025 were published inthe Canada Gazette, Part II, on October 8, 2014.

TC has been providing support for these regulations through the eTV II Program and the Support for Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emission Regulations Initiative. This support includes possible changes to the vehicle safety regulations. For example, the introduction of electric and hybrid vehicles has brought to light a number of safety issues concerning battery safety and safety concerns for pedestrians and the blind or visually impaired (because these vehicles are typically quiet at low speeds). The push for fuel economy also raised the issue of the safety of low-rolling resistance tires for heavy trucks (specifically, the traction of these tires in snowy or wet conditions). Hydrogen, expected to be the fuel of choice for fuel cell vehicles, also raises potential safety issues because it has very wide flammability limits when mixed with air. Testing under the eTV II Program has provided the Department with much of the regulatory safety information needed to address these issues.

At the time of the evaluation, TC ’s Motor Vehicle Safety group was preparing a Canada Gazette, Part I, proposal to update the Canadian regulatory requirements for both propane and natural gas vehicle safety under the Motor Vehicle Safety Act ( MVSA ). TC is also working towards determining the need to update the current Canadian/ U.S. regulations regarding electric vehicle safety to include new testing requirements for battery safety and overall electric vehicle safety, including minimum noise requirements for quiet vehicles. Work on electric vehicle safety and minimum noise regulations, undertaken by eTV II and TC’s Motor Vehicle Safety group comprised a key component of the Canada- U.S. RCC work-plan on motor vehicle regulations, and has supported on-going efforts to ensure that new or amended vehicle regulations are aligned, where appropriate, to eliminate or reduce barriers to trade and consumers’ access to new clean technologies.

Further, changes were made to the MVSA in the summer of 2014 that should result in a more efficient operating environment for stakeholders, regulated industries, and TC , as well as for Canadians. The revised Act now includes:

• An expanded ability to incorporate by reference, regulations and standards developed by other organizations, such as the U.S. government and the International Organization of Standardization;
• Removal of the requirement that regulations that incorporate Technical Standards Documents must expire after five years; and
• Removal of the requirement for mandatory Canada Gazette, Part I, pre-publication.

This will streamline the ability to implement any new or amended regulations, aligned to the fullest extent possible with the U.S. , which will help eliminate barriers to the introduction of new clean technologies.

Implementation of Compliance Regimes

For some of the regulatory initiatives, TC committed to implementing or updating its compliance regimes to ensure that the required changes defined in the new or amended regulatory frameworks are implemented by industry.  

TC has undertaken a variety of compliance activities in support of the Vessel Pollution and Dangerous Chemicals Regulations (e.g. manuals, inspector training, operational policies, guidelines to support the regulations, and communications products to inform the marine industry in Canada). Inspections are already taking place and no compliance issues have been reported to date. Marine Safety is presently preparing for January 1, 2015, when the stricter 0.1 percent sulphur content in marine fuel standards for vessels comes into effect.

EC is using the existing compliance regime for engaging in compliance and enforcement activities for the Sulphur in Diesel Fuel Regulations. They have provided information sessions on regulatory updates (webinars and face-to-face); an annual compliance promotion package for fuels to all regulated parties; compliance verification (review of annual reports and follow up) and other support to enforcement officers; and published reports on data received as a result of the reporting requirements of industry under the Regulations. Enforcement activities have been undertaken by EC’s Enforcement Branch, in accordance with EC’s Compliance and Enforcement Policy.

TC has completed Phase I of the LEIS that will collect data submitted by the railway companies to help assess compliance with the proposed Locomotive Emission Regulations and track and report on emission reductions.

{ ATIP Removed }

There is no need for a compliance regime for any regulatory changes made under the Aeronautics Act or the Motor Vehicle Safety Act since the regulations are enforced through certification, prior to the aircraft, aircraft engines or vehicles entering the market.

Implementation of Voluntary Agreements

As planned, two sector-wide voluntary agreements with industry have been implemented. Canada’s Action Plan to Reduce Greenhouse Gases from Aviation has been finalized and published, and the first annual report for the 2012 calendar year under the Action Plan was published in 2013. ^{Footnote 9}

A renewed MOU was negotiated and signed with the Railway Association of Canada ( RAC ) on April 30, 2013,^{Footnote 10} and the RAC published its first annual report under the new Locomotive Emissions Monitoring Program ( LEM ) in April 2014.

Implementation of New Technologies

At the time of the evaluation, the SPTP Program had completed two projects - Seaspan Ferries at the Swartz Bay Terminal and Port Metro Vancouver ( PMV ). Two more projects have been signed and are under way (Port of Halifax and BC Ferries) { ATIP Removed }. There are a total of 15 berths covered by signed or completed agreements, with the possibility of { ATIP Removed } being added. Based on a review of the two reports provided by recipients, evaluators concluded that the projects were likely to broaden the understanding of shore power facilities and produce lessons learned from the installation of these technologies. However, it was not clear that all of the planned projects will be completed by the planned end of the five-year program.

The TRSP has completed three projects at PMV (the Container Drayage Truck Efficiency Project Expansion, the Common Data Interface System, and the Foundational Study – Phase II Drayage Model). Two more projects have been signed and are underway (A project to Reduce Polluting Emissions at the Port of Montreal, and the Global Positioning System II – Container Drayage Truck Efficiency Program at the PMV ).

Implementation of Science and Technology Program

In support of regulatory and non-regulatory frameworks, 92 R&D or evaluation and testing projects have been initiated to examine the performance or safety of existing or new clean transportation technologies (e.g. natural gas use in marine vessels, emissions measurement for aircraft, alternative fuels for aircraft and trains, and the safety of electric vehicles). TC has spent or committed $22.1 million on these projects in the first three fiscal years. The majority of the R&D funds allotted under the various initiatives for the five-year period had been spent or committed by the end of 2013-14, since many of the R&D projects are multi-year.  

In addition, TC has set-up the Clean Rail Academic Grant Program under the Rail Sector Regulatory Initiative. The Program provides up to ten $25,000 annual grants to academic research programs currently developing emission reduction technologies and practices for the transportation sector that could be applied to the rail industry. It has been implemented according to plan, and $500,000 has been spent in two funding rounds to advance scholarship in emission reduction technologies. Two more rounds will be held over the next two fiscal years.

Implementation of Socio-economic and Policy Research, Data Development and Modeling Program

Evaluators found that some 35 socio-economic or policy research, data development or modeling projects had been initiated under the various initiatives, although what constitutes a project was not always clear. This is due to the evolving nature of some of the work and the fact that parts of the projects were often done in-house, with other parts undertaken by contractors. While evaluators were unable to obtain expenditure data for all of the projects undertaken on behalf of the initiatives, they counted $690,789 spent between 2011-12 and 2013-14 on such projects, with another $335,725 planned to be spent in 2014-15. To the extent the evaluators could match the studies undertaken with those to which TC committed, only one appears to have not been undertaken (an update to the Terminal Truck Reservation Study), one has been delayed (the fuel consumption survey) and one will only be undertaken if data can be found to do it (a carbon footprint for the Atlantic Gateway).

Early Results: Emission Reductions through Voluntary Agreements, Regulatory Frameworks and Contribution Agreements

It is too early to ascertain whether TC will meet the emission reduction targets expected as a result of the changes it has made to regulatory frameworks. However, there is some early evidence that some of the initiatives are having immediate impacts.

The Action Plan includes objectives and targets such as reduced GHGs emissions intensity and increased fuel efficiency, respectively. The central performance measure of the Action Plan, litres of fuel consumed per 100 revenue tonne-kilometres (RTK),^{Footnote 11} fell from 37.80 to 37.16 between 2011 and 2012 (it was 40.43 in 2005). This represents a 1.7 percent increase in fuel efficiency for Canada’s aviation sector between 2011 and 2012, and the highest fuel efficiency reported in their annual report since 2005, which has been achieved by Canadian carriers replacing older aircrafts with more efficient ones, and making greater-use of performance-based navigation and surveillance technologies. While this is less than the 2 percent average annual target, past trends in fuel-efficiency improvement suggest it is possible for the aviation sector to reach their target by 2020 target.

As reported in the most recent annual report, GHGs intensity, measured according to fuel efficiency, would have decreased between 2011 and 2012 as a result of the increase in fuel efficiency.

As reported in the most recent LEM report available at the time of the evaluation, between 2010 and 2011 there was a decrease of 3. 3 percent in the fuel consumed by railway operations in Canada; this was achieved despite increases in freight traffic. The fuel consumed by railway operations in Canada decreased from 2,048.82 million litres in 2010 to 1,980.18 million litres in 2011. This decrease reflects the fuel reduction methods taken by member railways, which include an increased proportion of fuel efficient high-horsepower locomotives in the fleet and an optimization of in-train locomotive power with traffic weight.

Overall GHGs emission intensity for Class I freight decreased by 7.2 percent between 2010 and 2011, from 16.43 kg CO₂e per 1,000 RTK to 15.24 kg CO₂e per 1,000  RTK . The 2015 target is 15.45. Regional and short-line railways were also able to lower GHGs emission intensity by 2.2 percent, relative to 2010. Total GHGs emissions from all railway operations in 2011, expressed as CO₂e, was 5,954.70 kilotonnes (kt), as compared to 6,156.82 kt in 2010 and 6,196.70 kt in 1990.

In terms of CACs, the rail industry has a good previous long-term track record in reducing CAC emissions from locomotives. All CACs from railway operations, especially NO_x and SO_x, have been declining since the early 2000s. For example, between 2010 and 2011, NO_x emission intensity from all freight operations decreased to 0.25 kg per 1,000 RTK from 0.28 kg per 1,000 RTK (and from 0.52 kg per 1,000 RTK in 1990).

In addition, although the proposed Locomotive Emission Regulations have not yet been implemented, most of the locomotives purchased in Canada are from the U.S. and therefore already meet the U.S. standards with which Canada is aligning. Furthermore, the MOU with the RAC states that “until such time that new Canadian regulations to control CAC  emissions are introduced, the RAC will encourage all of its members to continue to conform to US emission standards (Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations of the United States, Part 1033). ”

The requirement of a 1.0 percent sulphur content in the marine fuel used in large vessels will have had an immediate impact, with the greatest impact – reducing SO_x emissions from all large vessels as of May 8, 2013 – likely to be a 40 percent to 60 percent reduction, since the typical heavy fuels used before the regulations had a 2.7 percent sulphur content for international vessels and a 1.9 percent sulphur content for domestic vessels.

The application of Tier II Nitrogen Oxide Standards will have had an immediate impact as well, but not as large, since it applies only to engines fitted to vessels after May 8, 2013. This approach applied to the 15 new lakers that were announced with deliveries between 2013 and the end of 2015, represents about a 20 percent reduction from the old Tier I standards.

The PMV shore power stations have reduced 8,486 net tonnes of GHGs emissions since 2009 and 6,676 tonnes^{Footnote 12} since 2011 (this includes the two shore power stations installed at the PMV under the previous Marine Shore Power Program). The recently acquired installation at the PMV , funded through the SPTP Program, reduced GHGs by approximately 1,000 net tonnes in 2013-14.

It is anticipated that by the end of the program, most major cruise ship ports in Canada will be offering shore power, which will be important to Canadian competitiveness.

Evaluators were presented with data on the performance of the TRSP after the close of the evaluation. According to these data from program managers, the average truck turn time at the PMV in 2013 was 50:57 minutes. In July and August 2014, it was 40:58 minutes. From these and other data, program managers estimate the Program has reduced GHGs emissions by approximately 99,686 kilograms in the last two months. Based on the current performance, the Program anticipates the reduction of approximately 49,843 kilograms of GHGs per month, equaling an annual reduction of 598,116 kilograms of GHGs .

Other Results: Informing the Transportation Sector (and Governing Bodies) of Targeted Clean Transportation Technologies

The R&D and evaluation and testing projects have resulted in over 195 publications and presentations and have involved over 208 different collaborators, mostly from the private sector or foreign governments.  

A number of the R&D projects carried out under the Aviation Sector Regulatory Initiative provide scientific support to the regulatory work being carried out at ICAO , especially with respect to the nvPM and CO₂ standards. Other projects support an improved understanding of the measurement, impact and future scenarios of aviation environmental impacts; and include technical work on aviation alternative fuels, including both bio-derived jet fuel and unleaded aviation gasoline.

A major thrust of the R&D undertaken to support the Marine Sector Regulatory Initiative has been projects that enable new technologies and operational measures for current and future regulatory compliance, as well as technical studies that evaluate the effectiveness of the regulations.

The rail sector’s ability to comply with future air pollutant and GHGs emission regulations, like other transportation sectors, depends to a large extent on the development and adoption of new technologies. The R&D projects being carried out under the Rail Sector Regulatory Initiative test new ways to reduce emissions from the rail sector. This includes assessments of how the new and emerging technologies perform from a safety, economic (feasibility) and environmental perspective in order to inform future policies and regulations.

The eTV II Program has carried-out extensive testing of the environmental performance and safety implications of over 50 new technologies for LDVs and HDVs , including battery safety for electric/hybrid vehicles, the traction performance of low-rolling resistance tires for HDVs , and minimum noise emission for electric vehicles to protect road users. Some of these projects have been undertaken in collaboration with Motor Vehicle Safety.

The socio-economic and policy research, data-development and modeling projects undertaken under the various initiatives have contributed to the regulatory work of the initiatives, the voluntary agreements with industry, and the contribution programs that implement new technologies. For example, TC has commissioned studies to support Canada’s Action Plan to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Aviation, developed models to support cost-benefit analysis in support the proposed Locomotive Emission Regulations and undertaken studies to have a better understanding of the trucking issue at Canadian ports.

Most of the regulatory initiatives committed to provide input into the development of standards, codes, protocols, guidelines and other related instruments through various policy and research activities, as did the eTV II Program. Evaluators reviewed all the activities pursuing that objective. Highlights of that review include the following:

• In support of the new CO₂ and nvPM standards for aviation, Civil Aviation, or consultants on its behalf, presented 18 research papers and 11 position papers and made roughly 235 interventions to ICAO’s Committee on Aviation Environmental Protection ( CAEP ) working groups or the Steering Group, over the time frame of the evaluation.
• In 2012-13, the Environmental Protection Branch of Sustainable Transportation Programs collaborated on a working paper for CAEP on the expansion of the Airport Carbon and Emissions Reporting Tool to airports worldwide. This tool, developed by the Branch, allows for the measurement of GHGs emissions at airports. The following year, the Branch submitted three working papers (one to the CAEP Steering Committee and two to the ICAO Secretariat and Working Group 2) on the update to the Airport Planning Manual, Part 2. In 2014-15, it has submitted three working papers (one to the CAEP Steering Committee and two to the ICAO Secretariat and Working Group 2) on the update to the Airport Planning Manual, Part 2.
• TC participated in a number of working groups to advance discussions on market-based measures and Arctic vessel construction standards, as well as on new IMO standards for energy efficiency and oxides of nitrogen emissions. Tangible progress was made at five sessions of the IMO’s Marine Environment Protection Committee ( MEPC ), for which TC was Canada’s lead negotiator, and its three sessions of a key supporting technical sub-committee, the former Bulk Liquids and Gases Sub-Committee, now the Pollution Prevention and Response Sub-Committee. TC , with technical support from other government departments, has sponsored or co-sponsored 23 position papers in support of its work at the  IMO .
• Environment Canada’s input at the  IMO focused on air pollutant emissions, the energy efficiency of international shipping and emission reduction approaches. For example, for the 66th meeting of the MEPC , EC provided technical input and advice on 13 papers and drafted 15 interventions.
• The Motor Vehicle Safety group has contributed or is contributing to a number of international codes and standards to support the safety dimensions of new and emerging technologies. This includes a number of United Nations Global Technical Regulations, as well as a number of Canada- U.S. regulations under development.
• The eTV II Program has made significant contributions in the form of testing and evaluation reports, presentations or submissions in support of vehicle safety or environmental regulators (47 over the three fiscal years). It has made concrete contributions to the development of 20 non-regulatory industry codes and standards for clean technologies. It has also produced 32 guidance documents for industry and/or regulators on the development, implementation and performance of clean vehicle technologies over the first three fiscal years of the Program.

Efficiency and Economy

TC has demonstrated efficiency through leveraging its R&D funds from the initiatives with external partners, especially the private sector. External organizations have contributed to over 65 percent of the total cost of the R&D projects initiated to date (in dollars or in-kind contributions). By initiative, the R&D leveraging ratios are as follows: 85 percent for the aviation initiative, 48 percent for the marine initiative and 43 percent for the rail initiative. The eTV II Program has also leveraged its evaluation and testing; external collaborators have covered 38 percent of the total cost of the evaluation and testing projects. In addition, the SPTP Program will have provided $17.4 million to Program participants and leveraged $19.9 million from them, or 53 percent of the total cost of the projects.

There is also some evidence of economy in the use of resources to generate outputs and results:

• The eTV II Program has achieved significant capital savings by partnering with other federal departments, U.S. agencies and manufacturers to borrow/loan vehicles for testing rather than purchase them.

Between 2011-2014, the eTV II Program loaned sixteen vehicles to various federal government departments for joint testing activities, including EC , Health Canada and internally within Transport Canada (Motor Vehicle Safety Group), among others. The total savings of these loans (i.e. if the other departments had to purchase these vehicles as opposed to borrow them from eTV II ) is $653 thousand.

Between 2011-2014, the eTV II program borrowed twelve (12) vehicles from various government departments and U.S. agencies to support testing activities. This resulted in $366 thousand in savings for TC.

The total estimated savings from vehicle loans between 2011 and 2014 is $1,019,000.

• TC developed the Carbon Footprint Calculator in-house, along with other aspects of their analysis for the Gateway Carbon Footprint Initiative, rather than contracting external consultants, which resulted in a 43 per cent savings.

In 2013-14, TC saved $248 thousand as a result of using TC staff to perform the necessary quantitative analysis rather than external consultants. This facilitated access to, and the timely and efficient processing and analysis of, data held internally in the Department on the supply chain movements of goods. Internal staff was also able to develop and implement novel methodologies to allocate emissions in a more accurate, robust manner that reflects the complexities of international supply chains and write the necessary reports.

During the first two fiscal years of this initiative, TC spent approximately $275 thousand of the $584 thousand allocated for these years. The savings of approximately $309 thousand was a result of the development of the Carbon Footprint Calculator by Environmental Policy and CEESAR rather than contracting the work to an external consultant, as was originally planned.

The total amount saved over the first three fiscal years of this initiative is $557 thousand (out of the $971 thousand allocated for the first 3 years).

• TC appointed a Permanent Resident to the IMO in December 2013 that resulted in a substantial reduction in the need for TC officials to travel internationally to attend IMO meetings. This in turn, led to a reduction in travel costs.

Evaluators were not able to obtain an estimate of these savings. It was pointed-out that the appointment also resulted in having Canadian representation at meetings for which Canada would otherwise not have had representation, enabling Canada to better engage with European and Asian trading partners who have dominant voting blocs at the IMO.

Conclusions, Lessons Learned and Observations

This section presents conclusions and lessons learned from the evaluation.

Relevance

The evaluation found that the Next Generation of Clean Transportation Initiatives (CTI) supports the approach outlined in the Government of Canada’s March 2010 Speech from the Throne; that is, “a balanced approach to emissions reduction that recognizes the importance of greening the economy for tomorrow and protecting jobs today.” The CTI focuses on measures that increase the fuel efficiency of the transportation sector, provide financial support to industry to implement new technologies, advance regulatory frameworks in concert with Canada’s international trading partners and increase the transportation sector’s efficiency and competitiveness.

The evaluation found that there is an ongoing need for the regulatory work related to clean transportation; and the R&D, testing and evaluation, and policy and socio-economic research, data development and modelling activities that support that work. The relevance of the regulatory initiatives is rooted in the departments’ need to develop and align regulatory frameworks in accordance with Canada’s evolving international obligations and continental commitments; to participate in shaping those obligations and commitments in accordance with the nature of the Canadian economy and climate; and to ensure that the technologies needed for emission reductions in the transportation sector are available, effective, economically feasible and safe.

Although there is a continuing need for the Government of Canada to exercise leadership and provide support to the private sector in implementing new emission reduction technologies, there does not appear to be a need to continue to provide support to industry to implement the particular technologies that the Truck Reservation System and Shore Power Technology for Ports Programs have been funding, once they become fully subscribed.

Implementation and results

A review of the CTI activities and expenditures shows that, overall, the initiatives are being implemented with diligence. However, at the time of the evaluation, only the marine sector was operating under new regulations and with updated compliance regimes. Although TC has completed most of its part of the work to develop new regulatory frameworks and/or compliance regimes for the aviation (i.e. new oxides of nitrogen emissions standards) and rail sectors, delays have been encountered, largely due to factors outside of departmental control, {ATIP Removed }. Nevertheless, it is still possible that implementation of most of the regulations could occur shortly.

Preliminary findings suggest that TC is also making progress toward achieving the short-term result of informing the transportation sector (and governing bodies) of targeted clean transportation technologies, through participating in internal fora; providing input into the development of codes, standards, guidelines and related instruments; producing scientific and technology studies and reports; and undertaking socio-economic or policy research, data development and modelling projects.

Preliminary findings also suggest that TC has made progress in achieving the intermediary result of affecting the adoption of clean transportation technologies and practices by the transportation sector, which is in turn affecting emissions. Changes recently made to the marine regulatory frameworks are already having an impact, in that ships in the NA ECA must use cleaner fuel, although it is too early to assess if these regulatory changes will produce emission reductions of the magnitude anticipated. There is also evidence that the Shore Power Technology for Ports Program is already having an impact on emissions at Canadian ports, judging from the results of the installations at the PMV . Similarly, program managers of the TRSP provided data that demonstrate that the Program is already having an impact on emissions at the PMV through reducing truck idling. However, it is too early to assess whether the Programs will reach their targets. This will in part depend on whether the Programs become fully subscribed.

Further, available industry progress reports suggest that the voluntary agreements with industry associations in the rail and aviation sectors are already having an impact on emissions or emission intensity as a result of fuel or emissions savings achieved through purchasing cleaner fuel-burning locomotives/airplanes and using various trip management technologies and practices; and that these sectors are likely to reach or approach their future fuel efficiency and other targets in the future.

Finally, there is some evidence that TC has been delivering the CTI with economy and efficiency.

Lessons learned

Overall, good practices were used in the oversight of the CTI . After the first two years of the initiatives, an implementation review was conducted that led to some improvements in the management of the initiatives. Also, the annual monitoring of the CTI’s ’s results and finances through Sustainable Development Strategy ( SDS ) reporting reduced the number of reporting mechanisms. This is appropriate for SDS reporting, considering the high level of the results presented and the target audience (i.e. the Canadian public). However, it might not be sufficient for strong results-based management as regards the  CTI .

Going forward, program managers might want to improve the collection of data as per the Performance Measurement Strategy. In conducting the current evaluation, evaluators noticed that in many cases it took a high level of effort and time for program personnel to provide information that was expected to be collected regularly and compiled on a yearly basis. Conducting the planned summative evaluation of the CTI will require an even higher level of effort if performance monitoring is not improved. In addition, a more detailed coding of the financial data for any renewal of the initiatives would make it easier to link spending of allocated funds to specific components or activities of the initiatives, and results. This would facilitate the integration of financial and non-financial information for results-based management.

Observations

Overall, evaluation findings support the renewal and continuation of the regulatory initiatives and supporting initiatives and activities, such as eTV II and R&D. Consideration should be given to expanding the reach of transfer payment programs to implement other new technologies, in order to maximize the take-up and impact of available funds.

ANNEX A: IMMEDIATE OUTCOMES

Expected Results	Indicator	Data Source(s) and Methodology	Frequency of Collection	Target(s) and Date(s) to Achieve Target(s)	Collection Responsibility
1. Regulated segments of the transportation sector comply with the regulations	% of regulatees who comply with the regulations	Number of regulatees that comply with the regulations, as recorded in compliance monitoring systems, databases and other tracking tools Divided by the total number of regulatees, as estimated by the responsible manager, drawing upon data from compliance tracking tools, the Regulatory Impact Assessment Statement, industry, etc.	Annually, once the regulations enter into force	100% compliance	Director, Navigation Safety and Environmental Programs for marine regulations Director, Transportation Division (Environment Canada) for the marine fuels regulations Director, Rail Safety Operations for rail regulations
2. Targeted segments of the transportation sector participate in non-regulatory agreements to reduce emissions	Status of targets set in action plans or MOUs % of commitments made in aviation action plans that are on track or have been fulfilled	As collected through annual reports   Number aviation action plan commitments that are on track or have been fulfilled, divided by the total number of commitments	Annually, once the agreements are signed	Annual progress against targets for aviation and rail 100% of commitments in aviation action plan are on track or fulfilled	Director, Environmental Policy Analysis and Evaluation (Environmental Policy)
3. The transportation sector is informed of targeted clean transportation technologies and practices	# of standards, codes, protocols, guidelines and related instruments finalized or adopted by governing bodies (e.g.  ICAO , CAEP , IMO , Canadian Standards Association - CSA) that incorporated TC input, advice or recommendations	Count of standards, codes, protocols, guidelines, and related instruments that have incorporated TC advice or input as reported by responsible managers	Annually	A target has not been identified for this indicator. Level and frequency of engagement will depend on the status of negotiations / development, Government of Canada policy directions, etc.	Director, Standards for aviation Director, Environmental Management for aviation research Director, Environmental Policy Analysis and Evaluation (Environmental Policy) Director, Navigational Safety and Environmental Programs for marine Director, Environmental and Transportation Programs (Stewardship and Sustainable Transportation Programs) for vehicles Director, Motor Vehicle Standards, Research and Development for vehicles
	# of technical reports published, scientific or socio-economic reports completed or presentations delivered at conferences as a result of TC funded research or testing/evaluation	Count of reports published, articles included in periodicals and presentations included in conference agendas, matched to departmental records that confirm TC involvement	Annually	An appropriate target has not been identified for this indicator as this measure includes studies and research that are intended for public consumption as well as those that will inform government action.	Director, Standards for aviation research Director, Environmental Management for aviation research Director, Transportation Development Centre (Centre of Excellence in Economics, Statistics, Analysis and Research - CEESAR ) for marine and rail Director, Transportation Development Centre ( CEESAR ) for marine and rail. Director, Economic Analysis ( CEESAR ) Director, Environmental and Transportation Programs (Stewardship and Sustainable Transportation Programs) for vehicle testing and evaluation Director, Motor Vehicle Standards, Research and Development for vehicles
	# of partnerships, collaborations and consultations	Number of partnerships, collaborations and consultations pursued with industry, academia and other levels of government to advance: standards, codes, protocols, guidelines or related instruments; or, scientific, technology and socio-economic research and studies as noted in departmental records	Annually	100% of scientific and technology research conducted in partnership, collaboration or consultation with industry, academia or other levels of government	Director, Standards for aviation research Director, Environmental Management for aviation research Director, Transportation Development Centre ( CEESAR ) for marine and rail Director, Economic Analysis ( CEESAR ) Director, Environmental and Transportation Programs (Stewardship and Sustainable Transportation Programs) for vehicle testing and evaluation Director, Motor Vehicle Standards, Research and Development for vehicles
	$ amount and % of project cost leveraged from external sources	For all scientific and technology studies, the amount of funding or in-kind support provided by organizations outside of the federal government, as noted in contractual agreements, transfer payment agreements, project reports, statements of work, etc. Divided by the total amount of funding or in-kind support provided for these studies, as noted in contractual agreements, transfer payment agreements, project reports, statements of work, etc.	Annually	25% of project costs leveraged from external sources	Director, Environmental Protection and Standards for aviation research Director, Transportation Development Centre ( CEESAR ) for marine and rail Director, Environmental Management for aviation research Director, Environmental and Transportation Programs (Stewardship and Sustainable Transportation Programs) for vehicle testing and evaluation Director, Motor Vehicle Standards, Research and Development for vehicles
4. Clean transportation projects are completed as per funding agreement	Amount of projects completed as per funding agreement	The # of projects funded through transfer payments that have been completed, as recorded in the project tracking system, spreadsheet or database The $ amount of each completed project, as recorded in the project tracking system, spreadsheet or database Each project’s results will be compared to the expectations described in each project’s funding agreement	Annually	100% of projects are completed as per the funding agreement	Director, Innovation Policy for Truck Reservation System Program Director, Marine Policy for Truck Reservation System Program Director, Environmental and Transportation Programs (Stewardship and Sustainable Transportation Programs) for Shore Power Technology for Ports Program
	$ amount and % of project cost leveraged from external sources	For each project funded through transfer payments, the $ amount funded from external sources, as accounted for under the contribution agreements For each project funded through transfer payments, the total $ amount of the funding provided from all sources	Annually	50% of project costs leveraged from external sources	Director, Innovation Policy for Truck Reservation System Program Director, Marine Policy for Truck Reservation System Program Director, Environmental and Transportation Programs (Stewardship and Sustainable Transportation Programs) for Shore Power Technology for Ports Program