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Survival and Sparsely Settled Areas
Presented by
Michel Leduc
Transport Canada, System Safety
Michel Leduc
System Safety Specialist
System Safety
700 Leigh Capreol
Dorval QC H4Y 1G7
Tel.: 514 633-3484 Fax.: 514 633-3705
leducmi@tc.gc.ca
Knowledge Update
CARs Standard 421.05
- TC seminar
- Recurrent training program approved by TC
- PPC
- New or renewed annotation
- Written exam
- Flight review with an instructor
- Self-training: Aviation Safety Letter
Progression
Sparsely Settled Areas
Hierarchy of Needs
Threats to Survival
Survival Equipment
Readiness
Resources
Progression
Sparsely Settled Areas
Hierarchy of Needs
Threats to Survival
Survival Equipment
Readiness
Resources
Sparsely Settled Areas
- A sparsely settled area is not a defined geographic area
- The pilot is responsible for deciding what survival equipment will be brought on board to comply with the regulations
Sparsely Settled Area
A.I.P. Canada Air 2.14
Less accessible
Less flight information available
Weather data
NAVAIDs
Fuel supply
Food and lodging
Maintenance installation
Progression
Sparsely Settled Areas
Hierarchy of Needs
Threats to Survival
Survival Equipment
Readiness
Resources
Hierarchy of Needs
Physiological
Eating
Drinking
Sleeping
“Evacuating”
Breathing
Maintaining the body’s temperature
Avoiding pain
Safety
Having a shelter
Having supplies
Not feeling threatened
To be safe from dangers
Mainly about fears
Love
Not being excluded
Need of love
Esteem
Recognition
Self respect
Social ranking
Consideration
Self Actualization
To transcend or surpass
Achieve
Improve oneself
Hierarchy of Needs
Progression
Sparsely Settled Areas
Hierarchy of Needs
Threats to Survival
Survival Equipment
Readiness
Resources
Threats to Survival
Hunger
Cold
Fatigue
Thirst
Loneliness
Pain
Boredom
Hunger
3 weeks without food
4 000 to 6 000 kJ/day (1 000 to 1 500 Cal)
Headache
Aggressiveness
Incoherence
Moral
Hunger
!!! SOLUTION SUGGESTIONS !!!
Supplies for 24 to 48 hours
Avoid chocolate and other sources of sugars, choose energy bars (sport centre, outdoor store) with a high protein content instead
Be careful with dehydrated food, they will make you thirsty!
Cold
85% of body heat is lost from the head
Numbing
Inability to think
Loss of will
Increases fatigue levels
Cold
Temperature lower at night in rural regions
Humidity makes you feel colder
You CAN die from hypothermia
Cold
!!! SOLUTION SUGGESTIONS !!!
Have a supply of blankets or sleeping bags
Build a fire
Don’t keep wet clothing on; stay dry
Build a shelter
Physical activity
Human warmth
Fatigue
Lack of attention, carelessness
Leads to giving up
Incoherence
Injuries
Aggravates the situation
Increases with stress
Fatigue
!!! SOLUTION SUGGESTIONS !!!
Sleep !!!
Take turns
Maintain a heat source
Secure site
Stay in good physical condition
Thirst
3 days without water
Loose 2 to 3 litres per day
Aggravated by sickness, vomiting, diarrhoea and blood loss
Thirst
!!! SOLUTION SUGGESTIONS !!!
Have a flask with at least 1L of liquid
Purification devices: Pump, drops, tablets
Boil it
DO NOT DRINK URINE
Thirst
!!! SOLUTION SUGGESTIONS !!!
Manage perspiration
Find shade
Breathe through the nose instead of through the mouth
Digestion requires water
Avoid alcohol
Loneliness
Deceitful and unpredictable
Refers to mental
Left out, abandoned
Leads to insanity
Loneliness
!!! SUGGESTION DE SOLUTION !!!
Radio
Imaginary friend
Pain
Requires energy
Can prevent from seeing to other needs
So intense it can lead losing the “will to live”
Pain
!!! SUGGESTION DE SOLUTION !!!
Avoid injuries and sicknesses
Have a first aid kit and know how to use it!
Carry medication such as Insulin or an “EpiPen
Boredom
Tied with loneliness
Mind not busy enough
Plays with imagination
Boredom
!!! SOLUTION SUGGESTIONS !!!
Work around camp
Look for water, food and fuel
Deck of cards
Imaginary friend
Fight the Threats
Hunger
Cold
Fatigue
Thirst
Loneliness
Pain
Boredom
Progression
Sparsely Settled Areas
Hierarchy of Needs
Threats to Survival
Survival Equipment
Readiness
Resources
TC Requirements
CAR 602.61
- Light a fire
- Provide shelter
- Provide or purify water
- Send visual distress signals
See also A.I.P. Canada:
AIR 4.13
AIR Annex
TC Requirements
One must consider
Geographic location
Season
Climatic changes
Survival Kit Example
THIS LIST IS ONLY AN EXAMPLE, FEEL FREE TO ADD WHATEVER YOU THINK IS USEFUL!
- Safety matches, lighter, candles
- Tarpaulin, garbage bag, wool blanket
- Flask, pump, purifying caplets
- Mirror, flashlight, flares
- Survival rations, camping burner
Progression
Sparsely Settled Areas
Hierarchy of Needs
Threats to Survival
Survival Equipment
Readiness
Resources
Readiness
Plan flight according to what is available
- Weather info
- NAVAIDs
- NOTAMs
- Emergency plan
Readiness
File a flight plan or a flight itinerary
Follow the flight plan
Broadcast your position
- regularly
- every time you change heading
Close the flight plan
Readiness
Pilot readiness
- Training
- Awareness
- Verification
- Practice
Readiness
Passengers’ readiness
- Briefing and written procedures
- Risk awareness
- Leadership
- Rehearsal
Are you dressed for survival?
Readiness
Clothing
- Long sleeves
- Fall jacket
- Walking shoes
- Winter clothes or bug net
Knife, whistle, lighter and energy bar in pockets
Readiness
Emergency broadcast on actual frequency and on 121.5, in English and French, without expecting an answer
ELT on “ON”, make sure that it is working, and position it so as to maximize its range—do not turn it off!
Transponder on 7 700
Stay close to aircraft if possible
Progression
Sparsely Settled Areas
Hierarchy of Needs
Threats to Survival
Survival Equipment
Readiness
Resources
Resources
A.I.P. Canada
SAR 4.8
AIR 2.14
AIR 4.13
AIR Annex
CFS
Section A
Section F
Resources
Satellite phones :
Phone number
Trenton : 1 800 267-7270
Resources
SAS Survival Guide - ISBN: 0 00 472302-3