Study And Reference Guide for Written Examinations for the Commercial Pilot Licence Aeroplane - TP 12881

(Revised 02/2018)

Order TP 12881

Sixth Edition
November 2009

Table of contents

• General information
  • Examination Prerequisites
  • Knowledge Requirements
  • Examination Rules
  • Materials Required
  • Time Limits
  • Rewriting of Examinations
  • Examination Feedback
• Examinations
  • Full Examination
  • Supplementary Examinations
  • Helicopter to Aeroplane Examination
  • Canadian Forces Pilots
  • United States of America Pilot Certificate to Canadian Commercial Pilot Licence — Aeroplane
• Air law
  • Section 1: Air Law and Procedures
• Navigation
  • Section 2: Navigation and Radio Aids
• Meteorology
  • Section 3: Meteorology
• Aeronautics - General knowledge
  • Section 4: Airframes, Engines and Systems
  • Section 5: Theory of Flight
  • Section 6: Flight Instruments
  • Section 7: Flight Operations
  • Section 8: Humans Factors
• Enquiries
• Recommended study material
• Recommended study material for the FAA conversion examination

General information

Examination Prerequisites

CAR 401.13(1)

Prior to taking a written examination, an applicant for a flight crew permit, licence or rating shall meet the prerequisites for the examination set out in the personnel licensing standards with respect to

• a) medical fitness;
• b) identification;
• c) a recommendation from the flight instructor who is responsible for the training of the applicant; and
• d) experience.

Knowledge Requirements

Applicants for the Commercial Pilot Licence in the Aeroplane Category shall demonstrate their knowledge by writing a Transport Canada multiple choice examination on the subjects contained in this guide. Applicants must be able to read the examination questions in either English or French without assistance.

All subjects in this guide are considered to be important to applicants for the Commercial Pilot Licence - Aeroplane. Some of the subjects appeared in the Private Pilot study guide. Additional subjects, and those where more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level, are shaded (this paragraph is an example). Subjects marked with a bullet () are considered essential knowledge for the commercial applicant.

Examination Rules

CAR 400.02

• (1) Except as authorized by an invigilator, no person shall, or shall attempt to, in respect of a written examination,
  • a) copy or remove from any place all or any portion of the text of the examination;
  • b) give to or accept from any person a copy of all or any portion of the text of the examination;
  • c) give help to or accept help from any person during the examination;
  • d) complete all or any portion of the examination on behalf of any other person; or
  • e) use any aid or written material during the examination.
• (2) A person who commits an act prohibited under subsection (1) fails the examination and may not take any other examination for a period of one year.

Materials Required

A pencil is required for rough work. Electronic calculators are useful and are permitted if their memory is cleared before and after the examination. Computers capable of storing text are not approved. Navigation tools (ruler/scale, protractor, flight computer) are required for the navigation questions. A list of approved electronic navigation computers is available at: https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/licensing-pilots-personnel/flight-crew-licences-permits-ratings/accepted-electronic-computers-flight-crew-examinations

Time Limits

Examinations, including all sections of a sectionalized examination, that are required for the issuance of a permit or licence or for the endorsement of a permit or licence with a rating shall be completed during the 24-month period immediately preceding the date of the application for the permit, licence or rating.

Rewriting of Examinations

CAR 400.04(1)

Subject to subsections (2) and (6), a person who fails an examination or a section of a sectionalized examination required for the issuance of a flight crew permit, licence, rating or foreign licence validation certificate is ineligible to rewrite the examination or the failed section for a period of

• a) in the case of a first failure, 14 days;
• b) in the case of a second failure, 30 days; and
• c) in the case of a third or subsequent failure, 30 days plus an additional 30 days for each failure in excess of two failures, up to a maximum of 180 days.

Examination Feedback

Feedback statements on the results letter will inform the candidate where questions were answered incorrectly.

Example of Feedback Statement

Identify the atmospheric conditions favourable to thunderstorm formation.

Examinations

Full Examination

This examination is sectionalized into four mandatory subject areas and requires an overall pass mark of 60%. As well, the candidate must achieve 60% in each of the four mandatory subject areas.
They are:

Applicants who obtain less than 60% on the overall examination will, for licensing purposes, be required to rewrite the complete paper. The rewrite provisions detailed in the CARs, Part IV, apply.

Supplementary Examinations

Applicants who obtain 60% or more on the overall examination (CPAER), but who fail one or more mandatory subject areas will be assessed a partial pass. During one sitting, they will be required to write supplementary examinations for each subject area failed.

Details on the mandatory subject area supplementary examinations are as follows:

Note: When writing more than one supplementary examination, the maximum time allowed shall be the sum of the times indicated for each examination, not to exceed 3½ hours.

Although the overall and supplementary examinations contain questions related mostly to the sections shown under the above four mandatory subject areas, there may be occasions where knowledge from another subject area is required to arrive at the correct response. For example, a practical question on fuel calculations under Navigation and Radio Aids – Section 2 may require knowledge of VFR fuel requirements under Air Law and Procedures – Section 1.

Helicopter to Aeroplane Examination

Pilots who hold a valid Canadian Commercial or Airline Transport Pilot Licence in the Helicopter Category and who wish to apply for a Commercial Pilot Licence, Aeroplane Category, shall demonstrate their knowledge by writing the following Transport Canada multiple choice examination:

The CARAC examination is based on subjects contained in the following sections of this Guide: Air Law and Procedures; Meteorology – Upper Air Charts; Airframes, Engines and Systems; Theory of Flight; Flight Instruments; Flight Operations; and Human Factors.

Canadian Forces Pilots

Canadian Forces pilots who are qualified to wings standards shall demonstrate their knowledge by writing the following Transport Canada multiple choice examination:

The ARPCO examination is based on subjects contained in the following sections of this Guide: Air Law and Procedures; Navigation and Radio Aids – Pre-Flight Preparation; Navigation and Radio Aids – Other Radio and Radar Aids; Flight Operations – General; and Flight Operations – Aircraft Critical Surface Contamination.

United States of America Pilot Certificate to Canadian Commercial Pilot Licence — Aeroplane

Pilots who hold a United States of America FAA Commercial Pilot Certificate, or Airline Transport Pilot Certificate – Aeroplane, that has not been “Issued on the basis…” of another foreign licence, shall demonstrate their knowledge by writing the following Transport Canada multiple choice examination:

The FAACA examination is based on the differences between FAA and TC air law and communication procedures. Candidates should read the recommended references on pages 25 and 26 as they apply to aeroplanes in VFR operations.

Air law

Section 1: Air Law and Procedures

CARs

Some Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs) refer to their associated standards. Questions from the CARs may test knowledge from the regulation or the standard.

Part I - General provisions

• 101 - Interpretation
  • 101.01 Interpretation (Definitions)
• 103 - Administration and compliance

Compliance

• 103.02 Inspection of Aircraft, Requests for Production of Documents and Prohibitions
• 103.03 Return of Canadian Aviation Documents
• 103.04 Record Keeping

Part II - Aircraft identification and registration

• 202 - Aircraft marking and registration

Aircraft marks

• 202.01 Requirements for Marks on Aircraft

Certificates of registration

• 202.26 Carrying Certificate of Registration on Board

Transfer of legal custody and control

• 202.35 General

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 203 - Operation of a leased aircraft by a non-registered owner

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 203.02 Application
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 203.03 Leasing Operations - General

Part III - Aerodromes and airports

• 300 - Interpretation
  • 300.01 Interpretation
• 301 - Aerodromes
  • 301.01 Application
  • 301.04 Markers and Markings
  • 301.07 Lighting
  • 301.08 Prohibitions
  • 301.09 Fire Prevention
• 302 - Airports
  • 302.10 Prohibitions
  • 302.11 Fire Prevention

Part IV - Personnel licensing and training

• 400 - General
  • 400.01 Interpretation
• 401 - Flight crew permits, licences and ratings

General

• 401.03 Requirement to Hold a Flight Crew Permit, Licence or Rating
• 401.04 Flight Crew Members of Aircraft Registered in Contracting States Other Than Canada
• 401.05 Recency Requirements
• 401.08 Personal Logs

Commercial pilot licence - aeroplane

• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 401.30 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Privileges

404 - Medical requirements

Medical certificate

• 404.03 Requirement to Hold a Medical Certificate (MC)
• 404.04 Issuance, Renewal and Validity Period of MC
• 404.06 Prohibition Regarding Exercise of Privileges

Medical examiners

• 404.18 Permission to Continue to Exercise the Privileges of a Licence or Rating

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 406 - Flight training units

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 406.02 Application
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 406.03 Requirement to Hold a Flight Training Unit Operating Certificate

Part VI - General operating and flight rules

• 600 - Interpretation
  • 600.01 Interpretation
• 601 - Airspace

Airspace structure, classification and use

• 601.01 Airspace Structure
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 601.02 Airspace Classification
• 601.03 Transponder Airspace
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 601.04 IFR or VFR Flight in Class F Special Use Restricted Airspace or Class F Special Use Advisory Airspace
• 601.06 Visual Flight Rules (VFR) Flight in Class A Airspace
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 601.07 VFR Flight in Class B Airspace
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 601.08 VFR Flight in Class C Airspace
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 601.09 VFR Flight in Class D Airspace

Aircraft operating restrictions and hazards to aviation safety

• 601.14 Interpretation
• 601.15 Forest Fire Aircraft Operating Restrictions
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 601.16 Issuance of NOTAM for Forest Fire
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 601.17 Exceptions
• 601.20 Projection of Directed Bright Light Source at an Aircraft

602 - Operating and flight rules

General

• 602.01 Reckless or Negligent Operation of Aircraft
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.02 Fitness of Flight Crew Members
• 602.03 Alcohol or Drugs - Crew Members
• 602.04 Alcohol or Drugs - Passengers
• 602.05 Compliance with Instructions
• 602.06 Smoking
• 602.07 Aircraft Operating Limitations
• 602.08 Portable Electronic Devices
• 602.09 Fuelling with Engines Running
• 602.10 Starting and Ground Running of Aircraft Engines
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.11 Aircraft Icing
• 602.12 Overflight of Built-up Areas or Open-air Assemblies of Persons during Take-offs, Approaches and Landings
• 602.13 Take-offs, Approaches and Landing within Built-up Areas of Cities and Towns
• 602.14 Minimum Altitudes and Distances
• 602.15 Permissible Low Altitude Flight
• 602.19 Right-of-Way - General
• 602.20 Right-of-Way - Aircraft Manoeuvring on Water
• 602.21 Avoidance of Collision
• 602.22 Towing
• 602.23 Dropping of Objects
• 602.24 Formation Flight
• 602.25 Entering or Leaving an Aircraft in Flight
• 602.26 Parachute Descents
• 602.27 Aerobatic Manoeuvres - Prohibited Areas and Flight Conditions
• 602.28 Aerobatic Manoeuvres with Passengers
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 602.30 Fuel Dumping
• 602.31 Compliance with Air Traffic Control Instructions and Clearances
• 602.32 Airspeed Limitations
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.34 Cruising Altitudes and Cruising Flight Levels
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.35 Altimeter Setting and Operating Procedures in the Altimeter-setting Region
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.36 Altimeter Setting and Operating Procedures in the Standard Pressure Region
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.37 Altimeter Setting and Operating Procedures in Transition Between Regions
• 602.40 Landing at or Take-off from an Aerodrome at Night
• 602.41 Unmanned Air Vehicles
• 602.46 Refusal to Transport

Operational and emergency equipment requirements

• 602.58 Prohibition
• 602.59 Equipment Standards
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.60 Requirements for Power-driven Aircraft
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.61 Survival Equipment - Flights over Land
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.62 Life Preservers and Flotation Devices
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.63 Life Rafts and Survival Equipment - Flight over Water

Flight preparation, flight plans & flight itineraries

• 602.70 Interpretation - Definitions
• 602.71 Pre-flight Information
• 602.72 Weather Information
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.73 Requirements to File a Flight Plan or a Flight Itinerary
• 602.74 Contents of a Flight Plan or Flight Itinerary
• 602.75 Filing of a Flight Plan or Flight Itinerary
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.76 Changes in the Flight Plan - Sub-sections (3) and (4)
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.77 Requirements to File an Arrival Report
• 602.78 Contents of an Arrival Report
• 602.79 Overdue Aircraft Report

Pre-flight and fuel requirements

• 602.86 Carry-on Baggage, Equipment and Cargo
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 602.87 Crew Member Instructions
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.88 Fuel Requirements - Sub-sections (1), (2), (3) and (5)
• 602.89 Passenger Briefings

Operation at or in the vicinity of an aerodrome

• 602.96 General
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.97 VFR and IFR Aircraft Operations at Uncontrolled Aerodromes within a Mandatory Frequency (MF) Area
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.98 General MF Reporting Requirements
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.99 MF Reporting Procedures before Entering Manoeuvring Area
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.100 MF Reporting Procedures on Departure
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.101 MF Reporting Procedures on Arrival
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.102 MF Reporting Procedures when Flying Continuous Circuits
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.103 Reporting Procedures when Flying Through an MF Area
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 602.105 Noise Operating Criteria
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 602.106 Noise Restricted Runways

Visual flight rules

• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.114 Minimum Visual Meteorological Conditions for VFR Flight in Controlled Airspace
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.115 Minimum Visual Meteorological Conditions for VFR Flight in Uncontrolled Airspace
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.116 VFR Over-the-Top
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.117 Special VFR Flight

Radiocommunications

• 602.136 Continuous Listening Watch
• 602.138 Two-way Radiocommunication Failure in VFR Flight

Emergency communications and security

• 602.143 Emergency Radio Frequency Capability
• 602.144 Interception Signals, Interception of Aircraft and Instructions to Land
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 602.145 ADIZ
• 602.146 ESCAT Plan

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 603 - Special flight operations

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Special aviation events

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 603.01 Certification Requirements for Special Aviation Events

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Parachuting

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 603.36 Application
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 603.37 Certification Requirements for Parachute Operations

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Miscellaneous special flight operations

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 603.65 Application
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 603.66 Certification Requirements

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 604 – Private operator passenger transportation

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note General provisions

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 604.02 Application
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 604.03 Prohibition

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Flight operations

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 604.25 Operational Control System
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 604.26 Designation of Pilot-in command and Second-in-command

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Flight operations - documents

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 604.36 Checklist
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 604.37 Aircraft Operating Manual
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 604.38 Operational Flight Data Sheet

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Flight operations - passengers

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 604.82 Cabin Safety
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 604.85 Briefing of Passengers
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 604.86 Safety Features Card

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Flight time and flight duty time

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 604.98 Flight Time Limits
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 604.99 Flight Duty Time and Rest Periods
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 604.100 Split Flight duty Time
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 604.102 Unforeseen Operational Circumstances

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Maintenance

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 604.128 Maintenance, Elementary Work and Servicing

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Personnel requirements

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 604.139 Validity Periods
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 604.143 Flight Crew Member qualifications and Training

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Operations manual

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 604.198 Distribution

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Safety management system

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 604.205 Duties of Personnel

605 - Aircraft requirements

General

• 605.03 Flight Authority
• 605.04 Availability of Aircraft Flight Manual
• 605.05 Markings and Placards
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 605.06 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Aircraft Equipment Standards and Serviceability
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 605.07 Minimum Equipment List
• 605.08 Unserviceable and Removed Equipment - General
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 605.09 Unserviceable and Removed Equipment - Aircraft with a Minimum Equipment List
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 605.10 Unserviceable and Removed Equipment - Aircraft without a Minimum Equipment List

Aircraft equipment requirements

• 605.14 Power-driven Aircraft - Day VFR
• 605.15 Power-driven Aircraft - VFR OTT
• 605.16 Power-driven Aircraft - Night VFR
• 605.17 Use of Position and Anti-collision Lights
• 605.22 Seat and Safety Belt Requirements
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 605.23 Restraint System Requirements
• 605.24 Shoulder Harness Requirements
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 605.25 General Use of Safety Belts and Restraint Systems
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 605.26 Use of Passenger Safety Belts and Restraint System
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 605.27 Use of Crew Member Safety Belts
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 605.28 Child Restraint System
• 605.29 Flight Control Locks
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 605.30 De-icing or Anti-icing Equipment
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 605.31 Oxygen Equipment and Supply
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 605.32 Use of Oxygen
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 605.35 Transponder and Automatic Pressure Altitude Reporting Equipment
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 605.38 ELT - Sub-sections (1), (2) and 3(d), (e) and (g)
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 605.39 Use of ELTs
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 605.40 ELT Activation

Aircraft maintenance requirements

• 605.84 Aircraft Maintenance - General
• 605.85 Maintenance Release and Elementary Work
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 605.86 Maintenance Schedule
• 605.88 Inspection After Abnormal Occurrences

Technical records

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 605.92 Requirement to Keep Technical Records- Sub-section (1) and (2)
• 605.93 Technical Records - General
• 605.94 Journey Log Requirements
• 605.95 Journey Log - Carrying on Board
• 605.97 Transfer of Records

606 - Miscellaneous

• 606.01 Munitions of War
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 606.03 Synthetic Flight Training Equipment

Part VII - Commercial air services

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 700 - General
  • Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 700.02 Requirements for Air Operator Certificates

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Flight time and flight duty time limitations and rest periods

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 700.14 Monitoring System - Sub-section (2)
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 700.15 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Flight Time Limitations - Sub-sections (1) (a), (b), (c) and (e)
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 700.16 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Flight Duty Time Limitations and Rest Periods - Sub-section (1), (3) and (4)
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 700.17 Unforeseen Operational Circumstances

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 702 - Aerial work operations

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note General

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 702.01 Application

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Flight operations

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 702.11 Operating Instructions - Sub-section (2)
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 702.13 Flight Authorization
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 702.14 Operational Flight Plan
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 702.16 Carriage of Persons
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 702.17 VFR Flight Minimum Flight Visibility - Uncontrolled Airspace
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 702.18 Night VFR OTT and IFR Operations
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 702.20 Aircraft Operating over Water
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 702.23 Briefing of Persons other than Flight Crew Members
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 702.24 Operation of Aircraft in Icing Conditions

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Aircraft equipment requirements

• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 702.42 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Night and IMC Flights - Sub-section (1)
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 702.44 Shoulder Harness
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 702.45 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note External Load Equipment

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Personnel requirements

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 702.64 Designation of Pilot-in-command and Second-in-command
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 702.65 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Flight Crew Member Qualifications - Sub-sections (a), (c) and (d)
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 702.67 Validity Period - Sub-sections (1) and (2)

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Training

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 702.76 Training Program - Sub-sections (1) and (2)

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Manuals

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 702.83 Distribution of Company Operations Manual
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 702.84 Standard Operating Procedures

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 703 - Air taxi operations

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note General

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 703.01 Application

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Flight operations

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 703.14 Operating Instructions - Sub-section (2)
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 703.17 Flight Authorization
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 703.18 Operational Flight Plan
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 703.22 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Transport of Passengers in Single-Engined Aircraft
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 703.23 Aircraft Operating over Water
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 703.24 Number of Passengers in Single-Engined Aircraft
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 703.25 Carriage of External Loads
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 703.26 Simulation of Emergency Situations
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 703.27 VFR Flight Obstacle Clearance Requirements
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 703.28 VFR Flight Minimum Flight Visibility - Uncontrolled Airspace
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 703.29 VFR Flight Weather Conditions
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 703.33 VFR OTT Flight
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 703.34 Routes in Uncontrolled Airspace
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 703.37 Weight and Balance Control - Sub-section (1)
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 703.39 Briefing of Passengers
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 703.42 Operation of Aircraft in Icing Conditions

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Aircraft equipment requirements

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 703.64 General RequirementsNight and IMC Flight - Sub-section (2)
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 703.69 Shoulder Harness

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Personnel requirements

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 703.87 Designation of Pilot-in-command and Second-in-command
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 703.88 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Flight Crew Member Qualifications - Sub-sections (1) and (3)
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 703.91 Validity Period - Sub-section (1)

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Training

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 703.98 Training Program - Sub-sections (1) and (2)

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Manuals

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 703.106 Distribution of Company Operations Manual
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 703.107 Standard Operating Procedures

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 706 - Aircraft maintenance requirements for air operators

• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 706.02 Maintenance Control System
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 706.09 Maintenance Arrangements
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 706.10 Elementary Work
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 706.11 Servicing

Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB) - (TC AIM - GEN 3.0)

Air traffic services and procedures

• 1 Air Traffic and Advisory Services
• 2 Flight Service Stations, Flight Information Centres
• 3 Communication Procedures
• 4 Radar Service - Clock Position System
• 5 ATC Clearances/Instructions/ Mandatory Readback Procedures
• 6 Wake Turbulence Separation
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 7 Aerodrome Operations - Controlled
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 8 Aerodrome Operations - Uncontrolled
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 9 Mandatory and Aerodrome Traffic Frequencies
• 10 VFR En Route Procedures
• 11 Procedures for the Prevention of Runway Incursions
• 12 ESCAT Plan

International flight procedures

• 1 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Entry, Transit and Departure of Aircraft (AIP Canada Part 1, GEN 1.2)

Other legislation

• 1 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Canada Transportation Act Part II - Air Transportation Licences, Prohibitions (section 57); Air Transportation Regulations (sections 3 and 7)
• 2 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Canada Labour Code Part II - Occupational Safety & Health, Employee Rights & Duties (sections 124, 125 and 126) and TC AIM – GEN 2.1
• 3 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Transportation of Dangerous Goods by Air (TC AIM - RAC Annex 3.0)

Navigation

Section 2: Navigation and Radio Aids

Definitions

• 1 Meridian
• 2 Prime Meridian
• 3 Longitude
• 4 Equator
• 5 Latitude
• 6 Great Circle
• 7 Rhumb Line
• 8 Variation
• 9 Isogonal
• 10 Agonic Line
• 11 Deviation
• 12 Track
• 13 Heading
• 14 Airspeed
• 15 Ground Speed
• 16 Air Position
• 17 Ground Position
• 18 Bearing
• 19 Wind Velocity
• 20 Drift

Maps and charts

• 1 Characteristics of Projections
• 2 VTA - Transverse Mercator Projection
• 3 VNC - Lambert Conformal Conic Projection
• 4 Topographical Symbols
• 5 Elevation and Contours (Relief)
• 6 Aeronautical Information
• 7 Scale and Units of Measurement
• 8 Locating Position by Latitude and Longitude
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 9 Navigation Aids
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 10 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Enroute Low Altitude Charts

Time and longitude

• 1 24 Hour System
• 2 Time Zones and Relation to Longitude
• 3 Conversion of UTC to Local and Vice Versa
• Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note 4 Morning and Evening Twilight Charts

Pilot navigation

• 1 Use of Aeronautical Charts
• 2 Measurement of Track and Distance
• 3 Map Reading
• 4 Setting Heading - Visual Angle of Departure
• 5 Check-points and Pin-points
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 6 Use of Position Lines to Obtain a Fix
• 7 Ground Speed Checks and E.T.A. Revisions
• 8 Track Made Good
• 9 Determining Drift by 10^o Lines
• 10 1 in 60 rule
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 11 Double Track Error Method to Regain Track
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 12 Sum of Opening and Closing Angles to Destination
• 13 Visual Alteration Method of Correcting to Track
• 14 Diversion to Alternate
• 15 Return to Departure Point (Reciprocal Track)
• 16 Low Level Navigation
• 17 Deduced (Dead) Reckoning (DR Navigation)
• 18 In-flight Log and Mental Calculations
• 19 Procedures When Lost
• 20 Air and Ground Position
• 21 Variation/Deviation
• 22 True Track/Magnetic Track
• 23 True/Magnetic/Compass Headings
• 24 Indicated/Calibrated Airspeed (IAS/CAS)
• 25 True Airspeed/Ground Speed (TAS, G/S)
• 26 Compass Errors
• 27 Radio Communications (as per Section 1.)

Triangle of velocities

• 1 True Airspeed and Heading
• 2 Wind Velocity
• 3 Ground Speed and Track

Navigation computers

• 1 Heading and True Airspeed
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 2 Applying the Wind
• 3 True Track and Ground Speed
• 4 Magnetic Heading and Magnetic Track
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 5 Pressure/Density and True Altitudes
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 6 Indicated/Calibrated/True Airspeed
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 7 Time/Ground Speed/Distance
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 8 Fuel Consumption and Conversions
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 9 Climbs/Descents

Pre-flight preparation

• 1 Factors Affecting Choice of Route
• 2 Map Preparation
• 3 Meteorological Information
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 4 NOTAM
• 5 Selection of Check-points
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 6 Fuel Requirements
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 7 Weight and Balance
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 8 Use of Canada Flight Supplement
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 9 Flight Plans/Itineraries
• 10 Flight Log Forms
• 11 Documents to be Carried in Aircraft
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 12 Aircraft Serviceability

Radio theory

• 1 Characteristics of Low/High and Very High Frequency Radio Waves
• 2 Frequency Bands Used in Navigation and Communication
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 3 Operational Limitations

VHF Omnidirection range (VOR)

• 1 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Principles of Operation
• 2 Aircraft Equipment
• 3 Tuning and Identifying
• 4 Serviceability Check
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 5 Interpretation/Orientation/Homing
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 6 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Intercepting Predetermined Radials and Tracking
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 7 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Position Lines and Fixes
• 8 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Time and Distance Formula
• 9 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note VHF (VOR) Airways and Air Routes

Automatic direction finder

• 1 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Principles of Operation
• 2 Aircraft Equipment
• 3 Tuning and Identifying
• 4 Serviceability Check
• 5 Interpretation/Orientation/Homing
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 6 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Intercepting Predetermined Tracks and Tracking
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 7 Position Lines and Fixes
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 8 Relative Bearings/Conversion to Magnetic/True Bearings
• 9 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Time and Distance Formula
• 10 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Inaccuracies/Limitations
• 11 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note LF/MF (NDB) Airways and Air Routes

Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI)

• 1 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Basic Principles, Uses and Limitations

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS/GPS)

• 1 Principles of Operation
• 2 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Aircraft Equipment
• 3 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Serviceability Checks
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 4 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Interpretation, Orientation and Tracking
• 5 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note T-Routes (TC AIM – RAC 2.7.1)

Other radio and radar aids - basic principles and use

• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 1 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
• Note: essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 2 Transponder
• 3 Emergency Locator Transmitter
• 4 VHF Direction Finding (DF) Assistance
• 5 Surveillance Radar - Primary/Secondary

Meteorology

Section 3: Meteorology

The earth's atmosphere

• 1 Composition and Physical Properties
• 2 Vertical Structures
• 3 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note The Standard Atmosphere
• 4 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Density and Pressure
• 5 Mobility
• 6 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Expansion and Compression

Atmospheric pressure

• 1 Pressure Measurements
• 2 Station Pressure
• 3 Sea Level Pressure
• 4 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Pressure System and their Variations
• 5 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Effects of Temperature
• 6 Isobars
• 7 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Horizontal Pressure Differences

Meteorological aspects of altimetry

• 1 Pressure Altitude
• 2 Density Altitude
• 3 Altimeter Settings
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 4 Considerations when Flying from High to Low Pressure and Temperature Areas, and vice versa

Temperature

• 1 Temperature Scale - Fahrenheit/Celsius
• 2 Heating/Cooling of the Atmosphere - Convection/Advection/Radiation
• 3 Horizontal Differences
• 4 Temperature Variations with Altitude
• 5 Inversions
• 6 Isothermal Layers

Moisture

• 1 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Relative Humidity/Dewpoint
• 2 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Change of State
• 3 Sublimation/Condensation
• 4 Cloud Formation
• 5 Precipitation
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 6 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Saturated/Dry Adiabatic Lapse Rate

Stability and instability

• 1 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Lapse Rate and Stability
• 2 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Modification of Stability
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 3 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Characteristics of Stable/Unstable Air
• 4 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Surface Heating/Cooling
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 5 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Lifting Processes
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 6 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Subsidence/Convergence

Clouds

• 1 Classification
• 2 Formation and Structure
• 3 Types and Recognition
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 4 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Associated Precipitation and Turbulence

Surface based layers

• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 1 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Fog Formation
• 2 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Fog Types (Including Mist)
• 3 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Haze/Smoke
• 4 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Blowing Obstruction to Vision

Turbulence

• 1 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Convection
• 2 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Mechanical
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 3 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Orographic
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 4 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Wind Shear
• 5 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Clear Air Turbulence
• 6 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Reporting Criteria

Wind

• 1 Definition
• 2 Pressure Gradient
• 3 Deflection Caused by the Earth's Rotation
• 4 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Low Level Winds - Variation in Surface Wind
• 5 Friction
• 6 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Centrifugal Force
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 7 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Veer/Back
• 8 Squall/Gusts
• 9 Diurnal Effects
• 10 Land/Sea Breezes
• 11 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Katabatic/Anabatic Effects
• 12 Topographical Effects
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 13 Wind Shear - Types/Causes
• 14 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Jet Stream - Composition/Altitude/Seasonal Variance

Air masses

• 1 Definition and Characteristics
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 2 Formation/Classification
• 3 Modification
• 4 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Factors that Determine Weather
• 5 Seasonal/Geographic Effects
• 6 Air Masses Affecting North America

Fronts and frontal weather

• 1 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Structure
• 2 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Types
• 3 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Formation
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 4 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Cross-sections
• 5 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Frontogenesis/Frontolysis
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 6 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Cold Front
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 7 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Warm Front
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 8 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note TROWAL and Upper Fronts

Aircraft icing

• 1 Formation
• 2 In-flight - Freezing Rain
• 3 Hoar Frost

Thunderstorms

• 1 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Requirements for Development
• 2 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Structure/Development
• 3 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Types - Air Mass/Frontal
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 4 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Hazards - Updrafts/Downdrafts/Gust Fronts/Downbursts/ Microbursts/Hail/Lightning
• 5 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Squall Lines

Hurricanes and tornadoes

• 1 Hazards

Meteorological services available to pilots

• 1 Flight Information Centres (FIC)
• 2 Aviation Weather Web Site
• 3 Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS)
• 4 VOLMET (HF) Broadcast

Aviation weather reports

• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 1 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Decoding
• 2 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)
• 3 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Automated Weather Observation Station (AWOS)
• 4 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Limited Weather Information System (LWIS)

Aviation forecasts

• 1 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Times Issued and Validity Periods
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 2 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Decoding
• 3 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Graphic Area Forecasts (GFA)
• 4 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF)
• 5 Upper Wind and Temperature Forecasts (FD)
• 6 Airman's Meteorological Advisory (AIRMET)
• 7 Significant In-flight Weather Warning Messages (SIGMET)

Weather maps and prognostic charts

• 1 Times Issued and Validity Period
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 2 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Symbols and Decoding
• 3 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Surface Analysis Chart
• 4 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Upper Air Charts - Weather Information to 500 mb Level
• 5 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Significant Weather Prognostic Chart (Upper Air) 700-400 mb

Pilot reports

• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 1 Pilot Reports (PIREP)

Aeronautics - General knowledge

Section 4: Airframes, Engines and Systems

Airframes

• 1 Types of Construction
• 2 Handling/Care/Securing

Landing gear, brakes and flaps

• 1 Mechanical
• 2 Hydraulic
• 3 Electrical

Engines

• 1 Two/Four Stroke Cycle
• 2 Methods of Cooling
• 3 Principle of the Magneto
• 4 Dual Ignition
• 5 Exhaust System
• 6 Ancillary Controls
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 7 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Turbo-charging
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 8 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Effects of Density Altitude/Humidity
• 9 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Limitations and Operations
• 10 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Instruments
• 11 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Principles of Diesel Engines
• 12 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Principles of Turbine Engines
• 13 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Engine Handling/Care
• 14 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC)

Carburation

• 1 Theory of Operation
• 2 Fuel-Air Mixture/Mixture Controls
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 3 Carburetor Icing
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 4 Use of Carb Heat and Its Effects on Mixture

Fuel injection

• 1 Principle and Operation
• 2 Icing
• 3 Alternate Air

Electrical system

• 1 Generator/Alternator/Battery
• 2 Lighting
• 3 Master/Alternator/Generator Switches
• 4 Ammeter/Load Meter
• 5 Bus Bars
• 6 Circuit Breakers/Fuses
• 7 Grounding/Bonding

Lubricating systems and oils

• 1 Types - Viscosity/Grades/Seasonal Use
• 2 Purposes
• 3 Methods of Lubrication
• 4 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Venting
• 5 Filters
• 6 Pressure Relief
• 7 Oil Cooler

Fuel systems and fuels

• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 1 Types - Colour/Properties
• 2 Density/Weight
• 3 Additives
• 4 Contamination and Deterioration
• 5 Tank Location
• 6 Venting/Baffling
• 7 Fuel Line - Filters/Drains
• 8 Induction Manifold
• 9 Detonation/Pre-ignition - Causes/Effects
• 10 Vapour Lock
• 11 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Fuel Heater
• 12 Primers
• 13 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Fuel Management - Ground/Air
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 14 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Fuel Handling - Fuelling Aircraft
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 15 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Grounding/Bonding

Other aircraft systems

• 1 Oxygen
• 2 Vacuum
• 3 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Pressurization
• 4 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note De-icing/Anti-Icing Systems
• 5 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Environmental Systems

Section 5: Theory of Flight

Principles of flight

• 1 Bernoulli's Principle
• 2 Newton's Laws

Forces acting on an aeroplane

• 1 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Lift
• 2 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Drag - Induced/Parasite/Profile
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 3 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Relationship of Lift and Drag to Angle of Attack
• 4 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Thrust
• 5 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Weight
• 6 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Equilibrium
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 7 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Centre of Pressure (C of P)
• 8 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Centrifugal/Centripetal Forces
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 9 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Forces Acting on an Aircraft during Manoeuvres

Aerofoils

• 1 Pressure Distribution about an Aerofoil
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 2 Relative Airflow and Angle of Attack
• 3 Downwash
• 4 Wing Tip Vortices
• 5 Angle of Incidence

Propellers

• 1 Propeller Efficiency at Various Speeds
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 2 Fixed/Variable Pitch Propellers
• 3 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Torque/Slipstream/Gyroscopic Effect/Asymmetric Thrust
• 4 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Propellor Handling/Care

Design of the wing

• 1 Wing Planform
• 2 Area/Span/Chord
• 3 Aspect Ratio
• 4 Camber
• 5 Laminar Flow
• 6 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Sweepback
• 7 Dihedral/Anhedral
• 8 Wash In/Wash Out
• 9 Slots/Slats
• 10 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Wing Fences/Stall Strips
• 11 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Spoilers
• 12 Flaps
• 13 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Vortex Generators
• 14 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Winglets
• 15 Canards

Load factor

• 1 Centrifugal Force/Weight
• 2 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Load Factor - Linear/Turns
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 3 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Relationship of Load Factor to Stalling Speed
• 4 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Structural Limitations
• 5 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Gust Loads

Stability

• 1 Longitudinal, Lateral, Directional Stability
• 2 Inherent Stability
• 3 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Methods of Achieving Stability, Effect of C of G Position

Flight controls

• 1 Aeroplane Axes and Planes of Movement
• 2 Functions of Controls
• 3 Relationship Between Effects of Yaw and Roll
• 4 Adverse Yaw/Aileron Drag
• 5 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Static/Dynamic Balancing of Controls
• 6 Trim/Trimming Devices
• 7 Autopilots – axes and modes of control available

Section 6: Flight Instruments

Pitot static system

• 1 Pitot
• 2 Static
• 3 Anti-Icing
• 4 Alternate Static - Source/Errors

Airspeed indicator

• 1 Principles of Operation
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 2 Errors/Malfunctions
• 3 Markings
• 4 Definitions - IAS/CAS/TAS

Vertical speed indicator

• 1 Principles of Operation
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 2 Errors/Malfunctions
• 3 Lag

Altimeter/encoding altimeter

• 1 Principles of Operation
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 2 Errors/Malfunctions

Radio/radar altimeter

• 1 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Principles of Operation
• 2 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Limitations

Direct reading magnetic compass

• 1 Principles of Operation
• 2 Magnetic Dip
• 3 Variation
• 4 Factors Adversely Affecting Compass Operation
• 5 Reading the Compass
• 6 Deviation
• 7 Compass Correction Card
• 8 Turning and Acceleration Errors
• 9 Compass Serviceability Checks
• 10 Compass Swinging -Frequency/Basic Methods
• 11 Checking Compass Heading on the Ground and in Flight

Gyroscope

• 1 Principles of Operation
• 2 Inertia
• 3 Precession

Heading indicator

• 1 Principles of Operation
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 2 Errors/Malfunctions
• 3 Limitations
• 4 Power Sources
• 5 Slaved Compass System/
• Slaved HSI/RMI

Attitude indicator

• 1 Principles of Operation
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 2 Errors/Malfunctions
• 3 Limitations
• 4 Power Sources

Turn and bank indicator/turn co-ordinator

• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 1 Principles of Operation
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 2 Errors/Malfunctions
• 3 Limitations
• 4 Power Sources

Electronic flight instrument system (EFIS)

Instrument flying

• 1 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Loss of Visual Reference
• 2 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note The Control and Performance Instruments
• 3 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Instrument Scan/Interpretation
• 4 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Aircraft Control
• 5 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Partial Panel
• 6 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Unusual Attitudes/Recoveries

Section 7: Flight Operations

General

• 1 Pilot-In-Command Responsibilities
• 2 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Aircraft Defects/Minimum Equipment List
• 3 Winter Operations
• 4 Thunderstorm Avoidance
• 5 Mountain Flying Operations
• 6 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Wildlife Hazards
• 7 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Wildlife Conservation
• 8 Collision Avoidance - Use of Landing Lights
• 9 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Canadian Runway Friction Index (CRFI)
• 10 Runway Numbering
• 11 VASIS/PAPI
• 12 Approach, Runway and Aerodrome Markings/Lighting
• 13 Obstruction Marking/Lighting
• 14 Units of Measurement and Conversion
• 15 Radio Communications (as per Section 1.)
• 16 Aerodrome Operations (Including Marshalling Signals and Procedures for the Prevention of Runway Incursions)
• 17 Wheelbarrowing
• 18 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Hydro-planing
• 19 Taxiing
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 20 Effects of Wind/Wind Shear
• 21 Side-slips
• 22 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Radio/Electronic Interference, Portable Electronic Devices

Aircraft performance

• 1 Lift/Drag Ratio
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 2 Effects of Density Altitude/Humidity
• 3 Attitude Plus Power Equals Performance - Climb/Descent/ Level Flight
• 4 Normal/Short/Soft and Rough Field Take-offs and Landings
• 5 Ground Effect
• 6 Best Angle of Climb (V_x)
• 7 Best Rate of Climb (V_y)
• 8 Manoeuvring Speed (V_a)
• 9 Maximum Normal Operating Speed (V_no)
• 10 Never Exceed Speed (V_ne)
• 11 Maximum Flap Speed (V_fe)
• 12 Maximum Gear Operating Speed (V_lo)
• 13 Gliding for Range
• 14 Flying for Range
• 15 Flying for Endurance
• 16 Slow Flight
• 17 Stalls
• 18 Indicated and True Stalling Speed
• 19 Stall Speed vs Altitude
• 20 Spins
• 21 Spirals
• 22 Bank/Speed vs Rate/Radius of Turn
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 23 Effects of Change of Weight or Centre of Gravity (C of G) on Performance
• 24 Use of Aircraft Flight Manual (Including Approved and Unapproved Operational Information)

Use of performance charts

• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 1 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Take-off Charts
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 2 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Cross-wind Charts
• 3 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Climb/Descent Charts
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 4 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Cruise Charts
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 5 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Fuel Burn Charts
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 6 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Landing Charts
• 7 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Performance (V) Speeds - V_a, V_no, V_fe, V_lo, V_ne, V_s, V_x, V_y
• 8 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Effect of Ice/Snow/Frost/Slush/Water on Take-off and Landing Run
• 9 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Effect of Various Runway Surfaces on Take-off and Landing Run
• 10 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Upslope/Downslope Runway
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 11 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note CFRI Performance Tables and Charts

Weight and balance

• 1 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Terms - e.g. Datum/Arm/Moment/MAC
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 2 Locating CG
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 3 CG Limits
• 4 Weights - e.g. Empty/Gross
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 5 Load Adjustment
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 6 Cargo Tie-down/Passenger Loading
• 7 Normal/Utility Category

Wake turbulence

• 1 Causes
• 2 Effects
• 3 Avoidance

Search and rescue (SAR) (TC AIM - SAR)

• 1 Service Available, Request for Assistance, Aiding Persons in Distress
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 2 ELT (Exclude Categories)
• 3 Aircraft Emergency Assistance
• 4 Survival - Basic Techniques

Aircraft critical surface contamination

• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 1 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Effects of Aircraft Critical Surface Contamination on Performance
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 2 Clean Aircraft Concept
• 3 Frozen Contaminants
• 4 Cold Soaking Phenomenon
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 5 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Practices for Pilots to Ensure a Clean Aircraft
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 6 Pre-Take-Off Inspection

Section 8: Humans Factors

Aviation physiology

• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 1 Hypoxia/Hyperventilation
• 2 Gas Expansion/Trapped Gasses, Effects
• 3 Decompression (Including SCUBA diving)
• 4 Vision/Visual Scanning Techniques
• 5 Hearing
• 6 Orientation/Disorientation (Including Visual/Vestibular Illusions)
• 7 Positive and Negative "G"
• 8 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Airsickness
• 9 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Body Rhythms/Jet Lag
• 10 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Sleep/Fatigue
• 11 Anaesthetics/Blood Donations
• 12 Effects of Smoking

The pilot and the operating environment

• 1 Personal Health/Fitness
• 2 Diet/Nutrition
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 3 Medications (Prescribed and Over-the-counter)
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 4 Substance Abuse (Alcohol/ Drugs)
• 5 Pregnancy
• 6 Heat/Cold
• 7 Noise/Vibration
• Note: This is essential knowledge for the commercial applicant End note 8 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Toxic Hazards (Including Carbon Monoxide)

Aviation psychology

• 1 The Decision-Making Process
• 2 Factors That Influence
• Decision-Making
• 3 Situational Awareness
• 4 Stress
• 5 Managing Risk
• 6 Attitudes
• 7 Workload - Attention and Information Processing

Pilot - equipment/materials relationship

• 1 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Controls and Displays - Errors in Interpretation and Control
• 2 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Standard Operating Procedures - Rationale/Benefits
• 3 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Errors in the Interpretation and Use of Maps/Charts
• 4 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Correct Use of Check-lists and Manuals
• 5 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Automation and complacency

Interpersonal relations

• 1 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Communications with Flight Crew/Maintenance Personnel/Air Traffic Services/Passengers
• 2 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Operating Pressures - Family Relationships/Peer Group
• 3 Note: Additional subject and more depth of understanding is required at the commercial level. End note Operating Pressures - Employer

Threat and error management (TEM)

• 1 Sources, Contributors
• 2 Countermeasures
• 3 Undesired Aircraft State

Enquiries

Information concerning the location of pilot training organizations and matters pertaining to flight crew licensing may be obtained by contacting the appropriate Regional Offices. A complete listing may be found at:
https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/licensing-pilots-personnel/flight-crew-licences-permits-ratings/flight-crew-examinations.

Recommended study material

• When in Doubt… Small and Large Aircraft - Aircraft Critical Surface Contamination Training Booklet (TP 10643)
• Aircraft Critical Surface Contamination Examination Questions (TP 10615)
• Air Command Weather Manual (TP 9352)
• Air Command Weather Manual (Supplement) (TP 9353)
• Human Factors for Aviation - Basic Handbook (TP 12863), and Advanced Handbook (TP 12864)
• Transport Canada Aeronautical Information Manual (TC AIM) (TP 14371)
  https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/publications/transport-canada-aeronautical-information-manual-tc-aim-tp-14371
• Canadian Aviation Regulations (CARs)
  http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-96-433/index.html
• VFR Navigation Charts (VNC)/VFR Terminal Area Charts (VTA)/World Aeronautical Charts (WAC)
• Canada Flight Supplement
• Enroute Low Altitude Charts

Transport Canada publications (TP) may be purchased from retailers, or at the following web site:
Publications: How to order

The Study Guide For The Radiotelephone Operator's Restricted Certificate - Aeronautical (RIC-21) is available free of charge from district offices of Industry Canada - Examinations and Radio Licensing
http://www.strategis.gc.ca.

Information on the Transportation of Dangerous Goods is available from Transport Canada. https://tc.canada.ca/en/corporate-services/acts-regulations/list-regulations/transportation-dangerous-goods-regulations

Information on Air Transportation Licences is available from the Canadian Transportation Agency
(https://otc-cta.gc.ca/).

Information on Customs Requirements is available from the Canada Border Services Agency
(http://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca/).

Information on the Canada Labour Code is available from Social Development Canada
http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/l-2/index.html.

Information on text books and other publications produced by commercial publishers can be obtained through local flying training organization, bookstores and similar sources.

Publications used in pilot training in the United States are available through the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402
(http://www.access.gpo.gov/index.html).

Recommended study material for the FAA conversion examination

Candidates attempting the examination for conversion from an FAA certificate to a Canadian Commercial Pilot Licence (FAACA examination) are encouraged to review the following references as they apply to aeroplanes in VFR operations:

The above documents can be located on the Transport Canada web pages
http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-96-433/index.html
and
https://tc.canada.ca/en/aviation/publications/transport-canada-aeronautical-information-manual-tc-aim-tp-14371