Knowledge Requirements for Pilots of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems, 250 g up to and including 150 kg, Basic and Advanced Operations - TP 15263

• Define aerodrome, airport, and pilot-in-command.
• Demonstrate a basic understanding of the Act.

• Define common terms used in the Canadian Aviation Regulations, such as day, night, VFR.
• State the definition of remotely piloted aircraft.
• Define Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS).
• Define Command and Control (C2) link.
• Define control station.

• State that the regulations do not apply to indoor or underground operations.

• State who may demand to inspect aviation documents.
• State that computer-stored records may be used in place of paper records if measures are taken to protect them.

• Explain that persons, vehicles, obstacles, and operations at aerodromes are subject to the approval of the aerodrome operator and the appropriate air traffic control unit.
• State the restrictions/rules for activities on an aerodrome, or airport.

• Describe the horizontal and vertical limits of the various classifications of airspace, control areas, special use airspace.
• Identify the altimeter setting region and the standard pressure region.
• Recall that operations in Class F restricted airspace require the authorisation of the person specified in the Designated Airspace Handbook.
• Describe the communications required with air traffic control (ATC) for operating a RPA VLOS within controlled airspace.

• Recall the restrictions to aircraft (and all RPA) operations in the vicinity of forest fire areas.
• Describe the circumstances when an RPA is permitted to be operated in the vicinity of a forest fire area.

• Recall the minimum operating conditions for traditional aircraft VFR flight in uncontrolled airspace.

• Describe the actions to be taken by traditional aircraft in the event of a two-way radio communication failure when flying in class C or D airspace.

• Recall that weapons may not be carried on RPA unless authorized.

• Define common terms used in RPAS operations such as: payload, visual observer, visual line of sight (VLOS) operations, sheltered operation, extended visual line of sight (EVLOS) operations, operating weight, small remotely piloted aircraft, medium remotely piloted aircraft, etc.

• Recall that these provisions apply to RPA of any size, including those with operating weight of less than 250 g.
• Recall the prohibition against endangering aviation safety or the safety of any person.
• Recall notification requirements when a loss of control of an RPA has occurred or is likely to occur.
• Recall prohibitions related to operations over or within emergency security perimeters.
• Recall prohibitions related to commercial air services.

Division III Registration of remotely piloted aircraft

• Recall that all RPA are required to display the registration number.
• Recall that the RPA pilot must have easy access to the certificate of registration when operating a registered RPA.

Subpart 1 Small remotely piloted aircraft and medium remotely piloted aircraft

• State that RPA having an operating weight less than 250 g are not subject to the rules in Part IX Subpart 1 of the Canadian Aviation Regulations.

• Recall that RPA shall give way to traditional aircraft at all times.
• Recall the rules regarding the use of visual observers.
• State what aeronautical information must be consulted before flight.
• State that an RPA must remain in Canadian domestic airspace unless the operation is conducted in accordance with an SFOC — RPAS.
• Recall the requirement to notify air traffic control if a flyaway is likely to enter controlled airspace.
• State which procedures must be established for normal and emergency operations for all RPA operations.
• State the minimum distance that an RPA must remain from another person not involved in the operation.
• State the minimum visibility required for the operation of an RPA.
• Recall that an RPA may not be operated at or near an aerodrome in a manner that could interfere with aircraft operating in the established traffic pattern.
• State the minimum distance that an RPA must remain from an airport and from a heliport when operating under the basic operations rules.
• Describe the factors that must be included in a “site survey” for all RPA operations.
• State the requirements for position lights when operating an RPA at night.

• State the requirements to apply for a pilot certificate – small remotely piloted aircraft (VLOS) – basic operations.
• State what is required to operate a small RPA in basic operations.
• Recall the 24-month recency requirements for holders of pilot certificates - RPA (VLOS).

• State the requirements to apply for a pilot certificate – RPA – advanced operations.
• State what is required to operate an RPA in advanced operations.
• Recall the 24-month recency requirements for holders of pilot certificate – RPA – advanced operations.
• State the conditions under which it is permissible to operate an RPA at a lateral distance of less than 100 feet from another person not involved in the operation.
• State the information that must be given to air traffic services when requesting flight in controlled airspace.
• State requirements to conduct operations within an airport or heliport environment.
• State the conditions under which it is permissible to conduct extended VLOS operations or sheltered operations.
• State visual observer (VO) requirements for extended VLOS operations.

• State that a flight reviewer rating is required in order to conduct a flight review for a pilot certificate – RPA – advanced operations.

• Give examples of types of RPAS operations that would require a special flight operations certificate (SFOC) — RPAS.

Transportation Safety Board of Canada (TSB)-(refer to TC AIM-GEN 3.0)

• State that the purpose of aircraft accident investigation is to prevent recurrence.
• State the types of RPA accidents that must be reported to the Transportation Safety Board of Canada.

• Determine who provides coordination or air traffic control service for the airspace being used (if applicable).
• Determine the Mandatory Frequency (MF)/Aerodrome Traffic Frequency (ATF) and enroute frequencies (if applicable) for the operating area.
• Explain any traffic patterns of passing traditional aircraft.
• Anticipate patterns of traditional aircraft sharing the airspace.
• Determine the aeronautical radio frequencies in use for this airspace.
• Use appropriate phraseology in radio communication.
• Recognize clearances and instructions directed to traditional aircraft.
• Interpret the Canada Flight Supplement (CFS) with respect to aerodrome airspace and location procedures.
• Communicate/interface with NAV CANADA according to their “Best Practices” documents.
• Determine how to conduct RPA operations at controlled and uncontrolled aerodromes.

1. Handling/care/securing

• Indicate how RPAS manufacturers identify the repairs and work that can be undertaken by the owner vs. what must be addressed by an authorized repair facility (e.g., how to find your applicable original equipment manufacturer guidelines).
• Describe the importance of identifying propeller/rotor damage, surface contamination, wiring damage, structural damage.
• Identify the parts of an airframe.

1. Typical electrical system components (motors, electronic speed controllers, batteries, etc.)

• Describe typical electrical system components.
• Describe the actions of a servo.
• Describe the indications of a failed servo.
• Explain the importance of keeping components dry.

2. Servo motors

3. Importance of component integrity/maintenance

1. Risks of flying with inoperative systems

• State the value of redundancy in operating scenarios.

1. Orientation

• State the importance of pilot and antenna orientations in reference to the RPA.

2. Software version control

3. Flight simulation

1. Frequency bands (licensed and unlicensed)

• Describe how to assess the Radio Frequency (RF) environment or conduct and RF sweep.
• Discuss the importance of radio line-of-sight.
• Discuss the importance of Ground Control Station (GCS) antenna placement.
• Discuss the causes of lost link and methods of recovery.

2. Line-of-sight

3. Antenna and tracking systems

4. Interference

5. Gain, signal to noise ratio

1. Types and hazards

• Interpret maintenance log history.
• Describe the variables affecting batteries (capacity e.g., due to age, history, charge status).
• Assess battery voltages (understand discharge curves).
• Describe the regulations applicable to taking lithium-ion batteries on board a commercial flight.
• Describe the dangers of using water on lithium battery fires.

2. Battery parameters such as Energy Capacity (measured in Ah and Wh), Voltage(V), charge and discharge rates (C-Rating)

3. Battery configurations (parallel, series)

4. Charge cycles, storage, and maintenance

5. Discharge curves

6. Transportation of batteries in accordance with the Transportation of Dangerous Goods Regulations (TDG) Regulations

1. Fuel system types and hazards.

• Describe different fuel systems in RPA.
• Describes hazards of different fuels.
• Describe methods to assess fuel quantity and consumption under different flight conditions.
• Describe safe fuel storage, handling and grounding/bonding techniques.

2. Fuel quantity measurement.

3. Fueling and storage techniques.

1. The role of an autopilot

• Describe the types of pilot intervention possible during flight.
• Describe the pre-flight preparation related to flight termination systems.
• Discuss the possible consequences of improper software version control.
• Describe the importance of updating verified firmware only from trusted sources.

2. Different levels of control (e.g., stabilization vs. waypoint)

3. Flight termination systems (internal and remote)

4. Software version control (control station and RPA)

1. Sensor types (electro-optical, infra-red, radio frequency, atmospheric, etc.)

• Define what comprises the payload vs. the rest of the system.

1. Types of electric motors (brush, brushless, inrunner, and outrunner)

• Describe the characteristics of different motor types.
• Describe 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines.
• Explain aircraft behavior following a propulsion system failure.

2. Speed controllers

3. Types of internal combustion engines

1. Types of launchers

• Identify the different danger areas of a safety template.
• Describe different methods of recovering an RPA.

2. Types of recovery systems–parachute, deep stall, arresting system/hook, normal landing

3. Safety areas and templates for launch and recovery

1. Technical log requirements

• List the requirements for record-keeping.
• Give examples of tasks that should be independently verified.

2. Servicing, elementary tasks, critical tasks

3. 2-person perform/verify practice

1. Principles of operation

• Explain the difference between magnetic and true north.
• Explain what can affect compass operation and reliability.

2. Variation

3. Factors adversely affecting compass operation

4. Importance of calibration

1. Principles of operation

• Explain the purpose of a barometric altimeter setting.
• Describe the effect of a blocked static system.
• Describe the difference between GPS altitude and barometric altitude.
• Describe how to convert GPS altitude to above sea level (ASL).

2. Errors and malfunctions

1. Principles of operation

• Describe the difference between indicated and true airspeeds.
• Describe the effect of a blocked pitot system.

2. Errors and malfunctions

1. Components

• Describe what the IMU responsible for.
• Give examples of what can cause the IMU to misbehave.

2. Errors & malfunctions

1. Vision/visual scanning techniques

• Describe good scanning techniques (visual, audio) for visual observers (conflicting aircraft).
• Describe “perspective illusion” when looking at distant aircraft.
• Describe factors that affect alertness.

2. Hearing

3. Orientation/disorientation (including visual/perspective/parallax illusions)

4. Body rhythms/jet lag

5. Sleep/fatigue

6. Anaesthetics

1. Medications (prescribed and over-the-counter)

• Describe the effects of medications and other substances on pilot performance, including lasting effects beyond initial impairment.
• Describe the effects of exposure to cold and excessive heat on pilot performance.
• Describe the symptoms of carbon monoxide poisoning.

2. Substance abuse (alcohol/drugs)

3. Heat/cold

4. Noise

5. Toxic hazards (including carbon monoxide – GCS vehicle)

1. Factors that influence
   decision-making

• List factors that interfere with effective decision-making.
• List the factors that affect situational awareness.
• Describe how a given operational risk might be managed.

2. Situational awareness

3. Stress

4. Managing risk

5. Attitudes

6. Workload-attention and information processing

1. Controls and displays-errors in interpretation and control

• Explain the benefits of standard operating procedures and considering lessons learned from operating experience.
• Explain how to manage an interruption to a checklist.

2. Standard operating procedures-rationale/benefits

3. Correct use of checklists and manuals

4. Automation and complacency

1. Communications with flight crew/air traffic services/customers/public/authorities

• Resolve differences peacefully.
• Promote open communications.
• Place safety requirements over hierarchy/position in organization/politics.

2. Operating pressures-family relationships/peer group

3. Operating pressures-employer

1. Composition and physical properties

• Describe the chemical composition of the atmosphere.

2. Density and pressure

1. Pressure measurements

• Define atmospheric pressure, station pressure, sea level pressure.
• Explain how atmospheric pressure varies with height.
• Explain the movement of air resulting from high- and low-pressure systems, convergence, and divergence.
• Relate weather characteristics to pressure systems.

2. Station pressure

3. Sea level pressure

4. Pressure system and their variations

5. Effects of temperature

1. Pressure altitude

• Recall the factors that affect density altitude.
• Assess weather and density altitude for anticipated performance (take-off and launch) and flight envelope limitations.

2. Density altitude

3. Altimeter settings

1. Temperature variations with altitude

• Explain the relationship between lapse rate, temperature-dewpoint spread and cloud base.
• Explain the effect of moisture and temperature on the formation of clouds, height of cloud base.
• Discuss the significance of cloud base height on potential air traffic.

2. Relative humidity/dewpoint

3. Cloud formation

4. Precipitation

1. Characteristics of stable/unstable air

• Characterize the effects of stable and unstable air masses (visibility, turbulence, and smog layers).

2. Surface heating/cooling

3. Lifting processes

1. Types applicable to low level flying and recognition

• Identify cloud types and their impact on flying operations.
• Discuss the significance of observed vertical cloud development.

2. Associated precipitation and turbulence

1. Fog formation

• Explain how fog is formed.
• Identify the elements that can dissipate fog.
• Identify different obstructions to vision.

2. Haze/smoke

3. Blowing obstruction to vision

1. Convection

• Explain the sources of mechanical turbulence.
• Describe the formation of turbulence around large objects and mountain tops.
• Identify sources of micro-climate turbulence and wind shear.

2. Mechanical

3. Orographic

4. Wind shear

1. Pressure gradient

• Explain the effect of pressure gradient on the horizontal movement of air.
• Explain how wind changes in the friction layer due to surface heating.
• Define wind shear and its effect on turbulence.
• Explain the formation of land/sea breezes.
• Use a picture to explain anabatic and katabatic winds.
• Explain the effects of urban airflow.

2. Low level winds-variation in surface wind

3. Friction

4. Diurnal effects

5. Land/sea breezes

6. Katabatic/anabatic effects

7. Topographical effects

1. Structure/frontal wave

• Discuss the relationship between air masses and creation of weather fronts.
• Describe the changes in weather as a front approaches and passes over your location.

2. Cold front

3. Warm front

1. Formation

• Explain how icing is formed and the conditions that cause it.
• Recognize weather conditions that can cause surface contamination.
• Describe the components of an RPA that are susceptible to icing.

2. In-flight-freezing rain

3. Hoar frost

4. Effect of frost and ice on launch and recovery systems

1. Requirements for development

• Describe the three stages of thunderstorm development.
• Describe the surface weather characteristics of an approaching thunderstorm.
• Identify hazards likely to occur with thunderstorm activity.

2. Types-air mass/frontal

3. Hazards-updrafts/downdrafts/gust fronts/downbursts/microbursts/hail/lightning/antennas

4. Squall lines

1. Flight Information Centres (FIC) – telephone service

• Identify the sources for local weather information.
• Describe the differences in cloud base and wind forecasts between aviation and non-aviation sources.

2. Aviation weather web site

3. Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS)

4. Non-aviation sources

1. Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR), Automated Weather Observation Station (AWOS), Basic Weather Information System (LWIS)

• Compare reported weather with the regulatory requirements.
• Demonstrate awareness of coded weather information and identify methods of decoding.
• Identify sources of weather reports (websites etc.).

1. Times issued and validity periods

• Compare forecast weather with the regulatory requirements.
• Assess forecast ceiling, wind, turbulence, precipitation, and visibility against operational objectives.
• Assess forecast vs. control station requirements (e.g., lightning).

2. Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF)

1. Longitude

• Demonstrate operational understanding of these definitions.

2. Latitude

3. Variation

4. Track

5. Heading

6. Airspeed

7. Bearing

8. Wind velocity

9. Drift

1. Aeronautical charts: VNC, VTA

• Locate your position on an aeronautical chart.
• Interpret topographical information from charts.
• Determine your distance from the nearest aerodrome.
• Identify a control zone on an aeronautical chart.
• Determine the validity/currency of aeronautical charts.
• Use the CFS or other approved publication to identify airport operators and air traffic control agencies.

2. Topographical symbols

3. Elevation and contours (relief)

4. Aeronautical information

5. Scale and units of measurement

6. Locating position by latitude and longitude

7. Canada Flight Supplement (CFS)

1. 24 Hour system

• Convert UTC to local time & vice versa.
• Determine local time of sunrise/sunset.

2. Conversion of Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) to local and vice versa

3. Sunrise and sunset

1. Use of aeronautical charts

• Describe location and activities referring to appropriate aeronautical charts and aeronautical reference points.
• Identify the class of airspace and proximity of aerodromes to the operating location using aeronautical charts.
• Explain the difference between true and magnetic heading.

2. Measurement of bearing and distance

3. Variation

4. True track/magnetic track

5. True/magnetic/headings

6. Airspeed vs groundspeed

1. Factors affecting choice of flying area

• Describe the factors that will influence your choice of flying area (restricted airspace, property lines, requirement for an SFOC — RPAS, etc.).
• State where to obtain NOTAMs.
• Obtain NOTAMs, including GPS NOTAMs, and interpret them.
• Demonstrate how to use the CFS to determine type and radius of airspace, frequencies, aerodrome operator contact information, nearest Flight Information Centre (FIC)/Air Traffic Service (ATS) unit for emergency contact, etc.
• Determine the contact information for Emergency Services and local authorities.
• List the documents that must be available to crew members.
• Determine the serviceability of
  • Aircraft
  • Control station
  • Radio frequency (RF) equipment
  • Launch and recovery equipment
  • Software loads and versions
  • Correct databases (e.g., maps) loaded
  • Batteries (capacity (i.e., due to age) history, charge status, demand due to weight)
• Demonstrate how to verify the flight plan data file is correct and complete in the autopilot.

2. NOTAM

3. Use of Canada Flight Supplement (CFS)

4. Fuel/energy requirements

5. Weight and balance

6. Documents to be available to crew members

7. Aircraft serviceability, configuration

8. Effect of wind on range and endurance

1. Characteristics of low/high and very & ultra-high frequency radio waves

• Explain the characteristics of radio wave propagation.
• Describe the factors that affect radio reception range.
• Identify sources of RF interference.
• Describe how to assess an RF environment.
• Explain the function of RF spectrum analyzer.

2. Frequency bands used in navigation and communication

3. Operational limitations, propagation, causes of interference

1. Principles of operation

• Describe how GNSS systems may be enhanced by augmentation systems.
• Provide an example of how Differential Global Positioning Service (DGPS) might be used for landing.
• Discuss the significance of GPS loss in flight.
• Describe what can affect GPS performance (number of satellites, weather).

2. Causes of signal loss and interference

1. Air traffic control (ATC) transponder

• Describe the function of an ATC radar transponder.

2. Locator devices

1. Pilot-in-command responsibilities

• Describe the hazards that can occur in different geographic or topographical areas.
• Describe the normal flow of traditional aircraft traffic at an aerodrome (circuit, taxiing, etc.).
• Explain how local and portable devices might be controlled to reduce interference.

2. Aircraft defects

3. Winter operations

4. Thunderstorm avoidance

5. Wildlife hazards

6. Wildlife conservation

7. Collision avoidance-use of lights

8. Runway numbering

9. Aerodrome operations (Procedures for the prevention of runway incursions and conflicts)

10. Radio/electronic interference, portable electronic devices

1. Effects of density altitude and humidity

• Describe the effect of density altitude on launch and climb performance.
• Describe the effect of airspeed on radius of turn.
• Determine operating limitations from the aircraft flight manual.

2. Bank/speed vs rate/radius of turn

3. Use of aircraft flight manual

1. Factors affecting launcher performance (e.g., ice, temperature)

• Describe the effect of temperature on elasticized cord launchers, pneumatic launchers or hydraulic launchers.
• Identify crosswind limits.
• Using aircraft performance data, determine the maximum altitude at which an RPA can hover.

2. Crosswind limits

3. Factors affecting performance (battery, wind, speeds, climb power, etc.)

4. Hover ceiling, maximum altitude

1. Locating centre of gravity (C of G)

• Describe methods of determining C of G.
• Describe how to return a C of G to within limits.

2. Weights-e.g., empty/gross

3. External loads–effect on performance and stability

1. Effects of aircraft critical surface contamination on performance

• Describe the effects of surface contamination on airfoils.

2. Types of contaminants (e.g., water, frost, snow, condensation, tape, etc.)

1. Landowner authorizations

• Identify typical functional areas in a VLOS site (e.g., launch, observer).
• Identify desirable characteristics of alternate recovery areas.
• Identify the requirements of visual observer locations.
• Identify and evaluate access routes for both normal and emergency operations.
• Assess public access and determine crowd control requirements.
• List typical emergency contacts appropriate to flying site (flyaways, EMS etc.).
• List the safety equipment necessary for the operation (fire extinguisher, first aid, etc.).
• List the typical items in a crew briefing.
• Describe emergency procedures (e.g., airspace conflicts, system faults, lost link,and public interference).
• List the typical items in a crew briefing (roles, objective & plan, timeline, performance limitations, emergency procedures, airspace conflicts and escape manoeuvres, flyaways, public interference, recovery area, interface with the client and public, site manager, safe areas, expectations of what they will observe, electro-magnetic interference, sterile flight deck (no interference or distractions).
• Communicate vital actions (countdown and launch command, emergency abort, transfer of control, air traffic contacts, progress and expected manoeuvres).
• List recommended post-flight actions (download data, check for damage, clean and dry as needed, remove batteries, record information into logs, disassemble and pack per system manual, etc.).

2. Coordination with public safety (municipality)

3. Charging areas

4. Site control, safety perimeter

5. Launch points, recovery points

6. Obstacles

7. Emergency procedures

8. Defining roles and responsibilities

9. Communications

10. Post flight actions (download data, safety actions, etc.)

1. Where EVLOS is permitted

• Identify that EVLOS is permitted in uncontrolled airspace away from aerodromes.
• Identify that EVLOS operations must be conducted more than 100 feet from people not involved in the operation.
• Identify that EVLOS operations must remain within 2 nautical miles of the pilot and visual observer.
• Identify that the VO should be positioned in a quiet area with an unobstructed view of the sky.
• Identify that the pilot and VO must have a means of communication.
• Identify that EVLOS is only permitted with small RPA.
• Identify that EVLOS operations puts additional stress on C2 Links.
• Identify that aircraft endurance is a key consideration when performing EVLOS operations.

2. Maximum range from pilot and visual observer (VO)

3. Proximity to people

4. Types of RPA appropriate for EVLOS

1. Where sheltered operations are permitted

• Identify that sheltered operations can take place in controlled and uncontrolled airspace.
• Identify what constitutes an obstacle.
• Identify that sheltered operations in controlled airspace need airspace authorization.
• Identify that RPA performing sheltered operations in controlled airspace needs a Safety Assurance Declaration against CAR Standard 922.04
• Identify that structures like buildings will have an impact on C2 link performance.
• Identify the importance of correctly programming lost link behaviour and return to home (RTH) altitude when performing Sheltered operations.
• Identify that people not involved with the operation must be more than 100 feet from the RPA at all times during a sheltered operation.

2. Maximum range from pilot

3. Proximity to people

4. Concerns related to C2 links during sheltered operations

5. Concerns related to lost-link behavior when performing sheltered operations.

1. Charging areas

• List the safety equipment necessary for the operation (fire extinguishers, first aid kit, etc.).
• Assess weather threats in relation to ground control station (GCS) operations.
• Identify and evaluate access routes.
• List typical emergency contacts appropriate to flying site (flyaways, EMS etc.)
• Identify legal site access issues (trespass, insurance, permissions, safety training).
• List typical personal safety equipment.
• Describe the hazards of launchers and recovery systems.

2. Launch points, recovery points

3. Obstacles

4. Emergency procedures

5. Responsibilities

6. Communications

7. Post-flight actions

1. Bernoulli's principle

• Describe how lift is produced.

2. Newton's laws

1. Fixed wing

• Explain the function of the vertical fin.
• Identify basic components including lifting and stabilizing components.

2. Multi-rotor aircraft

3. Helicopter components

1. Lift

• Identify the 4 forces acting on an aircraft in flight.
• Describe how the 4 forces are balanced during manoeuvres and steady flight.

2. Drag-induced/parasite

3. Thrust

4. Weight

5. Equilibrium

1. Longitudinal, lateral, directional stability

• Explain how the centre of gravity affects longitudinal stability.

2. Inherent stability

3. Methods of achieving stability, effect of C of G position

1. Relative airflow and angle of attack

• Explain how lift is controlled.

2. Relationship of lift and drag to angle of attack

3. Aerodynamic stall

1. Handling and care

• Describe how the condition of the propeller/rotor affects performance.

1. Wing planform

• Describe how the design of the wing affects performance.

2. Spoilers

3. Flaps

1. Aeroplane axes and planes of movement

• Describe the function of different control surfaces.
• Explain the function of trim.

2. Control surfaces

3. Trim

1. Cyclic

• Describe how lift is created with a rotary wing (powered and autorotation).
• Describe how lift is controlled.
• Describe the function of the tail rotor, counter-rotating rotors.

2. Collective

3. Tail rotor

1. Principles of flight and torque

• Describe how yaw, pitch, roll, and climb are achieved in a multi-rotor aircraft.
• Describe how to avoid dynamic rollover in a crosswind.
• Describe typical multi-rotor autopilot modes (manual, attitude, GPS Position hold).
• Describe how asymmetric recirculation can upset lateral control of a rotorcraft.

2. Pilot flight controls

3. Settling with power

4. Recirculation

5. Dynamic rollover

1. Load factor-turns

• Describe what can affect the load factor on an aircraft.
• Recall that increasing the load factor produces a requirement for increased lift, thus producing increased drag.

2. Gust loads, turbulence

3. Structural/power limitations

1. Operator’s certificate (aeronautical) - (Industry Canada Operator Certificate – with Aeronautical Qualification course)

• Interpret aeronautical radio communications (position, phase of flight).
• Communicate using standard radio terminology.
• Give an example of a routine blind broadcast.
• List the contents of a routine call to ATC.
• Give an example of an emergency (flyaway) broadcast.
• Distinguish between “height” and “altitude” in communications.
• Give examples of proper radio etiquette, including practices to avoid interfering with other communications.

2. Terminology

3. Common frequencies

4. Emergencies

1. Terminology

• Give an example of an advisory describing a possible aircraft conflict.
• Describe factors affecting radio reception range.
• Describe the verbal communication elements in a positive transfer of control or visual following.

2. Reception performance